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English Senior High

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20 Unit 1 - History - Gutenberg is famous for inventing printing, but he didn't really invent it. He invented a better way of printing. [2] For hundreds of years people used blocks of wood* to print. They used a knife to cut words backward in the block of wood. Then they covered the block with ink and pressed it onto paper. When they pulled the paper from the inky blocks, the words appeared on the 金属 5 paper in the right direction. In Korea and China, people printed with metal type* instead of 右向き wood. (2)Either way, printing was difficult and very slow. It took several years to make one copy of a book. [3] Books were very expensive and rare. Only ( 3a ) people could buy them, and ( 3b ) 10 people could not read. But, as ( 3c -) people learned to read, books became more popular. So people wanted to find a quicker, better and less expensive way to print books. One of these people was Johannes Gutenberg. opsugas.l Y tinU 9003 iinil 4 Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, around 1400. He was good at working with metal, but probably had no idea how people printed in China. His idea was to make a piece Clarey operan 15 of metal type for each letter of the alphabet and use the letters (4)over and over. (5)He could put the type together to make words and arrange words to make pages. With ink on the type, he could press paper on them to print a page. A "printing press" machine could make hundreds of copies of a single page quickly. After that page, he could rearrange the same letters to make other words and print other pages. LISSH Si nou 5 It took Gutenberg a long time to make the type for each letter of the alphabet. When he finished the type, he didn't have enough money to make the printing press. He borrowed money from a man named Johann Fust. After many years, Gutenberg's printing press was Legione ready. Gutenberg printed his first book, the Bible, around 1455. 6 There are only twenty-one complete copies of the original Bible. They are some of the 25 most expensive books in the world. In 1987, part of a Gutenberg Bible sold for $5.3 million. 7 Today people remember Johannes Gutenberg. The city of Mainz has a statue of him and a museum. His original printing press is in the museum. (6)They print several pages a day to show that it is in good condition. earoviaU 012mu 394 words/#IN block of wood: type: vrigsypola 01 sind 7 an Oupside down & 下線部 (6) を日本 7. 本文の内容に合わ Many people & Gutenberg g Gutenberg Olt was a long Though Gu cost a lot of Hannes Rotest

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TOEIC・English Undergraduate

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5 Reading Passage 10 15 20 Yuna Kim is one of the world's best figure skaters. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, she set three world records. In fact, one of those world records broke a record she set in 2009. program and a At the Olympics, both male and female skaters perform a short seven program. In the short program, skaters have less than three minutes to perform required jumps, spins, or other moves. While doing these seven things, the skaters also have to show judges how well they can put these elements together into a kind of dance performance on the ice. The long program is similar to the short program except that skaters perform for a longer time and have more required moves. long Before the 2010 Winter Olympics began, many people thought Yuna Kim was likely to win a gold medal. Certainly, there were other women skaters who had the skill to win gold at the Olympics. However, Ms. Kim had an advantage. She had already set a number of world records. In 2007, she set the record for the highest score in a short program with 71.95 points in Japan. The same year she also set the world record for the highest score in a long program with 133.7 points in Russia. Then, in 2009 she beat her own record in the short program by scoring 76.12 in the United States. At that competition, she also became the first woman to score over 200 points with her short and long programs - her combined score was 207.71. The next year at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver, she broke her records again. In the short program, Ms. Kim scored 78.5, a new world record. In the long program, she scored 150.06, another world record. This gave her a combined total of 228.56 points, a third world record! Needless to say, her score was enough to win gold.

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TOEIC・English Undergraduate

文章を読んで上の1〜4の問題を解くものです。 分からないのでお願いします

3. Answer the following questions. 1 What is the difference between UNIX and Linux? 2 3 4 Choose one of the words in italics in the text. What is the definition of the word you have chosen? What are the three levels of a Linux system? What are the two main functions of the kernel? [Reading Text] UNIX was initially developed by researchers at Bell Labs in the 1970s. Today, UNIX and its variants are widely used mainly on servers. By far, the most well- known UNIX-like operating system is Linux. Linux is available in different distributions which include the Linux kernel and different collections of software. These distributions have various user interfaces, many experienced users preferring the command-line interface, or shell. Linux distributions include a range of software including text editors. memory. While the mechanics of Linux and other Unix operating systems are complicated, the components of a Linux system can be grouped into three levels. The lowest level is the hardware, such as Central Processing Unit (CPU) and The next level is the kernel. It enables communication between hardware and software, by providing instructions to the CPU and other hardware. The programs that are running on the system, or processes, make up the top level known as the user space. Processes in user space generally only have access to a restricted amount of memory and operations, this is called user mode. The kernel runs in kernel mode which allows it unrestricted access to hardware resources. The kernel provides functions such as process management and memory management. A computer only has limited Random Access Memory (RAM) and processor cores. Process management allows the system to run multiple programs (processes) at the same time even if the CPU can only execute only a few processes at a time. Memory management allows applications to share the system's memory while avoiding potential issues such as memory leak. Included with the kernel are device drivers that provide an interface for applications to communicate with hardware, such as hard drives. System calls allow user processes to access features that are executed at kernel mode, for example creating new processes.

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