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4 Direct vs Indirect Communication
Direct Communication
Burden is on the speaker
Expected to be (clear), (direct),
easy to (understand)
Direct speech is common
Indirect Communcation
°
Burden is on the listener
No.
Date
°
It often (vague) and (subtle)
•Indirect speech is common.
Intercultural communication problems
Direct speakers may think
indirect speakers are (evasive) (LD),
(secretive) or even (dishonest)
• Indirect speakers may think
direct speakers are (rude ) and
(aggressive)
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No.
Date
[5] High Context Cultures vs Low Context Cultures
High Context
•Information is already
understand.
•The massage is not as
important as subtle cues
・Speaking bluntly (ぶっきらぼう)
and directly is considered
rude
°
• Talk less, Think more
Low Context
• The
message
is the
most important
•Silence is seen as
lack of understanding
• Indirect communcation
is seen as deceptive
(だまそうとしている)
• Talk more, think more
It is important to remember that
there are elements of high context and
low context communication in all cultures.
Achieved vs Ascribed Status
(獲得的)
(生得的地位)
Achieved status
(Rags) to riches
•People believe in
achieving thing by
themselves
USA. Ireland have
no monarchy (君主制)
•More questioning
Low USA
Ascribed Status..
high
7
Japan
Arabic
Italian
English
French
Based on family or school,
potencial, economic group
•Automatic respect for
(Emperor), (King), Queen,
Religious leaders. exc
More deference (#52)

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No.
Date
< How Culture is Expressed Through Language >
American Dialect Society Word Japanese Kanji Proficiency kanji
2013: because
2012 hashtag #
2011: Occupy
2013: 輪
Tokyo Selection for Oympics
To present circle of support
2010: Apple
2012:
(greaz archievment)
2009: Twieet
2011:
(disasters of 2011
a decade ago Google
brought people closer together)
Cultural Dimensions and How they are Reflected
in Language
[1] Individualism vs Collectivism
(個人主義)
the extent to which
a society values
"self-reliance (±)
equality and autonomy
of the individual
Australia, V.S.
U.K etc.
集団主義)
harmony and knowing
One's place within
Sociery
China, Pakistan.
ghana erc.
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No.
Date
Power Distance()
The extent to which power is
(distributed) in an
(organization) or (Culture)
and how readily this is (accepted) by people
High Power Distance-
Everybody has a defined
people and role.
Police language.
Low Power Distance
There is a strong expectation
of (equality).
Casual language
3 Time vs Relationship
Time
"
Completing tasks on
Get to the point
time and being punctual "Cut to the chase"
are very important.
Quick decision making
Relationship
Nurturing relationship
is very important.
Decision can be delayed
"What's the bottom line"?
Time is money
"1
How's the family?"
How was your
Weekend?"

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No.
Date
(Language and How we Think>
The" Theory of Linguistic Determinism ()
Say that Language determines thought.
The Theory of Linguistic Relativism (1)
Say that people's thinking is different based on
the language they speak
These make
-up the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The structure of the language people speak influences
how they think and behave (English speaker
VS Hopi Indian concept of time)
Current thinking and language and thought
1) Lack of understanding across world cultures
is due to different world views rather than
different language
2) Thinking is influenced rather than determined
by language
3) A two way process. Our thinking also influences
the language we use.
4) Culture is more likely to influence our.
than the actual language we use.
thinking
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No.
Date
Topic2: Linguistic Signs and Meaning
< What's meant by "linguistic signs"? >
Linguistic signs are words to describe the
the world around us.
Signifier (word)
Signified (object)
< Three kinds of Meanings >
(Ex) Rose, Flower)
① Denotative Meanings (表示的な)
Refer to something explicitly (11, 12) or directly.
Dictionary definitions
Tend to be narrow
ex) Flower
(2) Connotative Meaning (172177+)
→ Having many links; associations; conections
with other things.
wide series of meaning
ex) wedding Flower, Picnic Flower
[3] Iconic Meaning (18A7TA)
Words can be image of the things they represent
Onomatopoeia words that imitate or suggest
the sound they describe
ex) Whack! Crash! Oops! Buzz!
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No.
Date
How did language come about
2
• One theory suggest that human were
trying to (imitate) the (sound) around them
• If this is true, onomatopoeic words are like
the language our (ansestors) spoke
• Some say that the best (communicators) had the
best (chance of (survival)
Cultural Encodings (21)
How we describe the world.
(different) (categories)
1) Cultures sometimes use
for the same things
Ja hip=おしり
Ashi=足全体(脚)
ex) En hip
leg from hipto
the ankle
2) Culture sometimes have (different) (connotations)
with the same language.
(言外の意味)
3) Words are often (influenced) by (culture)
①Different ways to emphasize/ intensify things
English
Elongating vowels
French
Rapidly Repeating
"It's beau...
tiful!"
the same words
"Vite! Vitel Vice! Vice!

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Different onomatopeic words
English
bash, mash, slash,
French
No.
Date
clash, dash, lash,
Hache, Tache,
crache, Sache,
trash, splash
cache, Vache
Different animal sounds
English
Dog (woof, woof)
Cat (meow meow)
Bee (buzz, buzz)
Pig (Oink, oink)
Japanese
(Wan, Wan)
nea, noa)
(boooon)
(boo.boo)
<Semantic Cohesion>(語義まとまり)
1) words are connected with each other
words currently used and used
in the past in each culture.
2) Each culture has its own
"linguistic metaphors"
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No.
Date
American Sports Metaphors
"l
"
Three strikes and you're out'
〃
↳ if you commit three serious crims,
You must spend a
-long
To hit something out of the ballpark"
time in
prison.
To do an excellent job on
Something
"
To tight your belt"
"
"
↳ to save money
To shoot down.
〃
To strongly disagree with Someone
To hit the nail on the head"
↳ To say or do exactly the right thing

ページ12:

No.
Date
<Language and human Sprit >
表裏一体である
Language and the human spirit are (inextricably).
We interpret the word through (language).
We (express ourselves) through language.
Language is (powerful").
Language can (bring) us (together) and (set ) (apart)
It can be used to (include) - to bridge barriers
between (cultures), religions, and worldviews
at the same time as it can be used to (exclude)
by inflaming xenophobia and racism.
Language can establish (community) and solidarity
at the same time as it can be used to (erecz)°
(boundaries). We see
readily, to (deceive anguage used to hide
), to spin, to distract,
to (disempower), to reinforce us-versus-them
-Conceptions of humanity...
725175
Is language simply
a set of (sounds) and (symbols) and the codes
The means of (interpreting) our increasingly
complex world and mobilizing (intellect) (pit)
(imagination) and (identify) to create new
knowledge and make a better world
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No.
Date
Topic 3: Pragmatics-language in its Cultural
(実用主義の)
(What's "Pragmatics"
(social)(language)
Context
• how to use language (appropriately)
in a varitety of Situations.
• The context of language use
Pragmatics Definition:
The use of language in context. People must
choose language (appropriate) for both
personal and academic purposes
Pragmatics involve three main communication skill
1) Using language for different (purpose)
2) (Changing language according to the
3) Following rules for coversation.'
Situation
A person with pragmatic problems may:
(1) Say inappropriate or unrelated things
change their language
in conversation
2) Not be able to
depending on the situation
3) Interrupt a lot.

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No.
Date
<Example of Pragmatic Skills >
Politeness
↳ Japanese use more polite language
:
when speaking to someone (older)
or in a (higher position
English change ther language to
make it more (polite) by (using)
(different) words, (longer )sentences,
and a more (police) tone.
2 Feedback in conversation
↳
Japanese
English
(silence) and (non-verbal) cues are
more natural
: It's important to let the speaker
(know (clearly), that you didn't
understand.
Rituals & ritualistic language.
Japanese many more (ritualistic) (expressions)
than English. They are (ceremonial)
and (empty lof (Content)
ex) おつかれさま、よろしくお願いします、いただきます
⇒ to show (politeness) and you care about others.
English: there is a (wide) variety in what
people say in most situations.
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No.
Date
Japan: (high-context) culture
ritualistic is more important than
the (actual words.
English (low-context) culture
ritualistic expressions are less common
4 Using title
Japan use title in most situations.
English: titles are not essential
Japan has (higher power distance than
English speaking countries.
15 Modesty
↳ (modest) people tend to admired, those with
(big egos) tend to be disliked.
Japan more (group )-oriented
avoid (Standing) (out) from the
English more (individualistic)
not as important as
group
individual differences are valued
Pronounce Direct / Indirect Communication)
Japanese seldom use (pronouns) or (subjects).
undersood from the context.
English: nessesary comes from (the words)

ページ16:

No.
Date
7 Political Correctness
Over 20-30 years, English has changed to
show more (respect) towards paticular group
especially (woman), minorities, people with
(disabilities).
8 Agreeing & Disagreeing
Japanese: use (silence), (facial) expressions
to show that they don't understand
or don't agree with something.
English use (words) or (expressions)
<Expectations for Conversations and Behavior
→ come from (upbringing) and (culture)
しつけ
Pragmatic Coherence
→when words and sentences (make) (sure)
In the context. speakers understand
each other's intentions.
easiest among people from the same
Speech countries.
people have the same (expectations)
for the conversation.
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No.
Date
Culural Thought Pattern>
English
Semitic
Oriental
Romance
Russian
Z
<Hofstede's Cultural Dimentions >
°
1) Power distance
2) Long-term orientation
3) Masculinity/Feminity
4) Individualism and collectivism
5) Uncertainly avoidance
Uncertainly avoidance
The extent to which a culture is comfotable with
(uncertain), (ambiguous), (unstractured situations.
Cultures that avoid "Certainly generally have
(strict) rules, (laws), safety, and security measures..
Cultures that accept uncertanly have as (few ) rules
as possible and accept (many different opinions).

ページ18:

No
Date
Masculinity Vs Feminity.
Masculine Societies have (clear) (defined) (roles)
between men and women. Masculine traits include
being (assertive), and feminin trats are seen as
(modest ) and (caring )
cultures with high "Mas" scores tend to have
more (division)
The Cooperative Principle
conversations will be
1) Brief
2) Relevant
3) Clear
4) True
different things in
different cultures
Frustration occurs when (istners believe...
1) Speakers are giving them (unnecessary),
(irrelevant) information
2) Speakers are trying to (deceive) or
(manipulate) them
うそをつく
or
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No.
Dato
Topic4: Spoken language
Oral Cultures and Case of Hawai >
In oral cultures, cultural information is
passed on by (storytellers). Music and rhyme is
used to (aid) memory.
Oral tradition is the only way to (communicate) (knowledge)
Radio, TV, internet have led to a dedine in oral tradition.
<Difference between Spoken and Written Language >
Spoken
一時的
1)Speech is (transient)
rather than (permanent)
response: (immediate)
Speakers (take turns)
2) Speech is (cooperative)
and (dialogic
conversations are
(Created) together.
集合体
Written
1) Writing is (Permanent)
can be (stored), (retrieved)
Responses be delayed)
Carries more (weight)
Idea: (permanent)
2) Writing is (independent)
and (structured)
↳ top to bottom
read by unknown audience.
Independent of (replies)
3) Speech has (aggregates) 3) Writing doesn't use
that are used to make
(connections)
(aggregates)
No direct contact
Involves analysis,
(logical reasoning
abstract thought

ページ20:

余分の
No.
Date
4) Speech is (redundant)
paying attention?
lots of (repetition)
くり返し
4) Writing avoids (redundancy)
5) Speech is (loosely) (Structured)
gramatically and lexically sparse
Simple language
short term memory
Readers can (re-read)
Economy of words important
5) Writing (grammatically)
compact and lexically dense
avoid repetition
6) Speech is (people)-(centered) 6) Writing is (topic)-(centered)
→
engage
listners through
voice
↳ Varity of people
must be cleared easy
To understand
7) Speech is (context) (dependent) 7) Writing is (context) -
close to the situation
Jointly-constructed
(independent)
far from the situation
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No.
Date
How Spoken Language Reflect Cultures)
1 Indicating - Status
2 Social Positioning (Footing).
register,
tone of voice
bodily orientation
[3] Protecting "Face" save face...
4 Conversational Style
pursope is to elicit information.
pursope is to share experience
5 Narrative Style
Dangerous to generalize.
Culture is heterogenous.