You need to sign in or sign up before continuing.

Cover

Undergraduate

Life Science & Medicine

生物化學核苷酸基因

308

2025.12.15 公開

Comment

No comments yet

ノートテキスト

ページ1:

C
生物化學(二) 慧複 part
口,核苷酸代謝
(1)描繪生合成&回收合成.
(2)合成如何被調節.
(3)代謝疾病&治療:
C) nucleoside
the
base +
the ribose
nucleotide..
one two..or
→ base tribose + h (
0.
10-6.
H
04/04
(H))
Base
Adenine (A) A
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)
(ytosine (c) 2
Base
Adenine (A)
there).
07 OH
H.
“共價鍵、不易水解,需脂解酶
H
ATP
ADP
AMP
·RNA-OH
DNA-H
这2个鍵結
易水解、
RNA
Ribonucleoside
Adenosine
Guanosine
Uridine
Cytodine
DNA
Deoxyribonucleoside
Deoxyndemosine
074
Adenylate (AMP)
337x
12→ Adenosine
Ribonucleotide (5'monophosphate) $34
diphosphate ADP
triphosphate (ATP
• Guanylate (GMP)
Uridylate (UMP)
Cytidylate (CMP)
單磷酸
Deoxyribonucleotide (5'-monophosphate)
Deoxyadenylate (LAMP).
Deoxyguanylate (dGMP)
Guanine (G).
Deoxygannosine
Thy mine (T) A Thymidine
Cytosine (c).
Deoxycytidine
Thymidylate(TMP)
Deoxycycidylate (dCMP)
核酸的合成方式
1. de novo 15 → TP) - PJ3877 (precursors)
salviage pathways 重回收→擷取el中出现的鹼基與活化的ribose語言.
De novo.
pathway!
·Activated ribose (PRPP) + amino acid
Salvage pathway!
Activated ribose PRPP) + base).
+ATP + Cortin
Nucleotide
Nucleotide.
Double A

ページ2:

合成核有酸的含氮鹼基(bases)
WH2
NH₂
→藍色結構部分由脾基酸合成
Adenine
腺嘌呤、
H
Cytosine
2胞嘧啶
461955 (synthesis of pyrimidine) (De novos
Step], End pyrimidine ring
421777.
•·aspartate PAGER.
bicarbonate (Co)
ammonialglutamine)
Step2. PRPP
PRPP
=2144 ribose.
(phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate)
Product PUMP
PRPP.RIP為PRPP的來源.
Bicarbonate
+
WH3
ZATP
Carbamoyl phosphate.
Aspartate
嘧啶環
PRPP.
(a ribose phosphate)
UTP CTP to RNA
ī
TTP
↓
deTP to DNA
·Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).
·(3212.
衍生出
ribose - 5-phosphate (RSP)
↓用之可合成
核省糖核酸
OH OH
OH.
(REP)
RSP + ATP PRPP +AMP.
Double A

ページ3:

(De novo)
·CO₂+Glutamine + ATP.
Carbamayl phosphate
Synthase I
.
.
476
H3N3
SCH₂
+
H
-coo-
(CAP).
Aspartic
羧基+
胺基
acid
CO₂ A
-0-c
Aspartate
Trancarbamoylase H₂N/3
CH₂
CH
'Pi
H
(CAA)
脫水聚合
Dihydrolase
Coo H20
HN
NAD
Dihydroratate
dehydrogenase OPHTH!!
CH₂
(140A)
"PP:"
•PRPP
HN
HN
HN
• Orotidylic acid
Orotate
0'
500
R-5-D decarboxylase
N phosphoribosytransferase
Orotic acid.
R-5-Ⓡ
UMP
初始產物
OMP
(OA)
84757
PRPPE = ribose"
ATP
CTP
140
APP
UPP
ATP 2
APP
1 UTP.
ATP
Synthase
442
NAPPHTH
Ribonucleotide
reductase
NAPPT
→dUDP (deuxvuridine diphosphate).
·dump.
-glutamine
(Thymidylate)
synthase
K
H₂O
Pi.
No Metylene Ha folate
Ha folate. T
HN
dk-5-0
ziglutamine
Taspartate
cip. AMA BE
TMP..胸腺嘧啶
17 glutamine
17 aspartate
IT Hy folate.
複習
每个原子来源?
=1.16 ribose. 14½?
“有酵素也在集part出現上作用在哪?
glutamine
r
bicarbonate. C
N
C
Caspartate
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I. Urea cycle
mitochondrion
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II Pyrimidine synthes
cytoso
ie N, ribose.
嘧啶合成後之調節(Denovo)
1. CTP. (P) - aspartate transcarbamoylase (prokaryote (147)
ATP+CD2
• 2. UTPI)-carbamoyl phosphate synthase II. (mammalian ) +Glutamine
產物濃度回紋控制調節在開課學系
DHA
OA
PRIPL
OMP
Doubla
UMP
CIP UTP UDP <

ページ4:

ORRA436Y (Salvage pathways.
/. from cell DNA or RNA 15m
核苷酸聚合物迎核苷酸強走5℃糖 base
2.酵素:
other
thymidine phosphorylase
• Thymine + deoxyribose-1-phosphate
. ATP Abp
thymidine + Pi
(pyrimidine nucleotide).
ATP
ADP.
thymidine
>>
(指香糖)
•Thymidine kinase.
TMP (1)
激胸
I uridine.
Ascytidine.
.ATP
APP
deoxycy dine
→dcmp.
•Uridine - Cytidine kinase
→UMP
CMP
Deoxycytidine kinase
嘧啶核苷酸的分解(salinge)
RNA
huleases 核酸水解酵素
AC--k.
CMP-
deaminase UMP-12196
·dcup
FNH4
nucleotidase
酰肼&去磷酸根.
nucleotidase
Pi
Deoxycytidine
Uridine
Cytidine
*NH14 Pyrimidive
nucleoside
phosphorylase
Ribose 1-p Uracil
胸腺
Fre
胞
Thymine
DIJA.
nucleases
deaminase
Deoxyuridine dump.
Deoxyribose 1-p
TMP
Jupi
Deoxythymidine
以→可作回收.
Pyrimidine nucleoside
phosphorylase
•Deoxyribose 1-p
・Thymine.
尿嘧啶
Uracil
胸脉嘧啶
Thymine
-NADPH +H+
-
作用:要加州还取
NADP+
NADPH+H+
NADP+
Products
(dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase;
HN
BIX
uracil B-alanine
"Dihydrouracil
HN
H Dihydrothymine.
Thy wine B-aminossobutyrate
(very soluble
(dihydropyrimidinase)
H₂N
HEN
water)
水渗性好
HB-Ureidopropionate.
- Ureidoisobutyrate
H3 WCH₂
(ureidopropionase).
H₂NCH₂
-Alanine
B-Amino isobutyrate
Double A

ページ5:

嘧啶代謝異常疾病
Orotic aciduria, type I
乳清酸尿症第一型
'cust
Dit glutamine + ATP
10
78 = 56XUMP
CAP
CAA
-> DHOA.
Type 1
1、缺工酵素⑤⑥
UMP DNARNA UMP
OMP
→神經發育遲緩
10
第一個發現可用“表”介
介入
UPP
J⑧
UTP
Supp.
dump
Je
=
¿TP
TMP
•λ = Oral (BAR) uridine
-Ontic aŭd (OA).
•②Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase
--⑥Orotidylic acid decarboxylase
+UMP.Synthesis (UMP)
→位同一基因.
uridine ATP AD
UMP
Uridine-Cytidine
kinase.
Grotic aciduría. Type I k. Orotidylic and. decarboxylase.
→乳清酸↑&OMP个
→無法合成UMP.
Oral uridine..
thymidylate
(anticancer drugs)
抑制MP的合成
only RIDNA
TMP↓,合成毒DNA速率↓
2
1=Thymidylate synthase Ⓡ
Fluorouracil
Fluorodeoxyuridylate (suicide inhibitor),
el
dump thymidylate TMP.
synthase
Dilydinsfolate reductase EN-Methylene-
TUMPBY C5 ± THE F, 1 CH27±
Dihydrofolate
·NADPH-H+
Dihydrofolate
Aminopterin
and
3.
tetrahydrofolate
+ Fluorouracil-
Aminopterin
Glycine
by
reductase
methotexate
Methotrexate
serine
·Tetrahydrofolate.·
19
NAPPT
•·↓· (amethoptering
.可使酸活化
複習
抑制酶,使污化型金山→使TMP CH2沒有,
which saliage' pathway? Thymidylate.
? -alanine & f-aminoisobutyrate
Uracil
Thymine
3. 71 TMP X 11 £ 9-17 27 12½? Thymidylate synthase & Dihydrofolate reductase
Double A

ページ6:

4615) 5X purine (synthesis. of purine).
啶
风成及
Step 1. 1265 (activated base)
Aspartate
PRPP
Nto-Formyl-
10 ·Step2: 0851. (purine ring) tetraly Infolate. ↑.
glutamine, glycine i bicarbonate;
4C
Glycine
PC
1° - Formgl-
tetrahydrofolate
glutamine
Glutamine
ribose-p
Purine
aspartate, tetrahydrofolate.
ring
Structure
Product IMP (inosine monophosphate)
核糖...
IMP
ATP
GTP to RNA
i
↓
dATP
dGTP to DNA
De hovo
synthesis
of
purine I
-14: Ribose 5-phosphate
先建5環
Glycine.
H
24
His
420
。 ATP AUP
D
MHA
Mg
PRPP
·Glutamin Glutanate.
H₂O.
2/2 PP:
--CH
NH₂
H
0704
ATP
WH
PRPP Glutamyl.
Amidtransferase
•
H
•on on
ADP+Pi
H
6H OH
H
(IV)
A-D-R5P
(工)
synthase. DRPP.
(Th).
(II)
Formyltransferase
'NS, No Methenyl-
/Hy. folate.
Hy folate
H₂O
HCN
ATP. Mgt
CH
« king closure
Gin
⑥
R-5-D
(VII)
De novo synthesis of purine I
600
CHR
H
H₂-00
大⑧
CH₂
`IX· Synthetase
VII synthetase · HN."
WH
VI synthetase.
R-S-B
(VI)
R-5-
(V)
-ooc
Aspartate
π
H+c
-006
Fumarate
Adenylosuccinase
(*)
1000
(IX)
R-5--
(VTI)
10- Formyl-. Hy folate. Hout --~--
Hy folate
Formyltransferase
H
(X2).
CH
VI. carboxylase. C-N.
420
king closure
R-S-PIMP Cydolydrolase
R-5-P
(VII).
HN-
MC
CH
(IMP). R-5-P
Double A

ページ7:

De novo sythesis
Aspartate
of
Purine
TIL
-ooc-c-c-Coo-
HN
420
(IMP)
NAD+
H₂U
GTP, Mg2+
Adenylosuccinate
Synthase
IMP dehydragenase.
WADH
TH+
H
-00c-C-C-COO
421
[NY]
2
R-5-Ⓡ
(AMPS).
-006-005 NH₂
RNA形式的5碳糖
5-6 Ry (2304
Adenylosuccinate
(AMP) RNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleotides):
RNA DNA.
A Ribonucleotide reductase
HN'
Glutamine Glutamate
HN
transaminidase How
·ATP.
M
'
R-5
(XMP)
複習
K
28762204
R-5
(GMP) RNA
• 85% AMP : 7.1 glutamine (3.9). . 24 aspartate, liglycine.
GMP: 37 glutamines 14 aspartate. It glycine.
1. purinė 67 ȧTom's ? 2.24 ribose - PROP? N
•aspartate-Ni
802
glycine
• terahydrofolate c²
terahydrofolate
411
glutamine glutamine.
Ribose
RNA (De novo) purine
物
PRPP glutamine
1. IMP. AMP. GMP => Glutamine phosphoribosy! amido transferase PRPP EX
21
AMP adenylosuccinate ; GMP-IMP. dehydrogenase.
3. GTP stimulates AMP synthesis) if-
-1174.
ATP stimulates GMP synthesis TGTP FAMPEER
"Histidine Pyrimidine
nucleotides
Ribose
#PRPP
·5-phosphate.
IMP. AMP. GMP
抑制
ATP
GMP
抑
• Phosphoribosylamine = IMP
(1953)
GAMP
173 Adenylosuccinate = AMP
47.GMR
Kanthylate GMP
7943
Parínosomes b
7 cell purine 1683 51 purine, purinosomes.
(非隨時作耗能,需要习作)
Double A

ページ8:

purine 551 (Salvage pathways 1955).
• 191542 adenine.
1. Ademine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) - adenylate - EX
2. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPR1)- inosinate & guanylate
19748
PBPR PP;
APRT. -O-H
FRPP Pi
HV
H
D-O-H.CO
0.
[Hypoxanthine!
Adenine
144
4
腺嘌
OH OH
AMP
OH OH
IMP
H
中樞神經cell
.H₂N.
Guanine
PRPP PP;
肝臟中有一類的cell.
烏嘌呤
Hell"
D-O-H₂O
H
紅血球
-5 (11)
$167 salvage, 1½ De novo
OH OH
GMP
但f回收時缺少酵素,無法得到callmer parme,影響DA式細胞分裂
>So salvage #2
Purine +43 (Degradation)
ID 67mg/dl
(Hyposanchinc.)
> 水溶性好但對管毒
So uric and 14 Guanine
guanine & adenine
Product
⇒ uric acid
Nucleic acid
uncleases
nuclease
• Guanine nucleotides
Adenine
nucleotidase
nucleotidase
wate
Guanosine.
• adenosine.
deaminase
·(c.c:)
AMP deaminase
Adenosine P; "WHY IMP
"*NHY Inosine.
hucleotidase
Pi
+85044
ribose
1-phosphate
• Purine nucleoside
毒性较低
guanase.
INH Xanthine
•phosphorylase.
Hypoxanthine
xanthine oxidoreductase
Uric acid
K
Pi
ribose 1-phosphate
Xanthine
oxidoreductase
Double A

ページ9:

Purine分解中出現疾病(原乐段,有尿酸)(李出問題).
1.Hyponricemia.低尿酸血症,
(1) Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
** ATP EX && facell
T&B cells,缺乏免疫缺损
(severe combined immunodeficiency disorder SSCID)
(2) Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Tcell缺陷,免疫缺陷
in) Xanthine oxidase deficiency
Xanthinuria, Xanthine. Irthiasis.
黄嘌呤尿症
黄嘌哙結石.
"Adenosine
Adenosine
deaminase
Inosine
Guanosine
Purine nucleoside (2)
phosphorylase
Hypoxanthine
Guanine
xanthine
✓ Guanase
okidase
Xanthine
Xanthine
oxidase
uric acid
2. Hyperuricemia 有什酸血症
(1) Lesch - Nyhan syndrome
缺乏HGPRT
→無法回收 guanine & Hypoxanthine
→ 跑分牌(一直將)→續發性育肌酸
△入變色體性聯遺傳→主要為男生發病
高压酸
• Guanine + PRPP
HGPRT
(GMP)
→ guanylate + PP;
Hypoxanthine +HPPP. HGPRTinosinate + PPi
(IMP)
PRPR濃度增燃,缺少 salvage, Denovo速度变快(purine生成),為正常人20倍:
△ Hyperuricemia. gout disease(高尿酸痛风).
△因缺乏salvage:有几cell溪活裝好
→中枢神經退化,發展遲緩,易攻擊別人自己咬嘴唇)
(2)Gont痛風
關節發炎;腎臟
Xanthine . oxidase 活性很高.
nucleotides → nucleosides - purines Suric acids Gout
尿酸水性差,從血液比到軟組織,產生結晶傷在關節),外未免疫(Cell攻擊(手提)發炎
高尿酸
Aurate crystal) in joints (1st) Ep).
結晶導致.inflammation(發炎反應)
0
紅腫熱痛的末稍關節
Double A
:

ページ10:

複習。
2.
1. Savage of purine 需要哪些酵素?
HGPRT & APRT
purine 代謝產物?
.uric acid,urate..
3. purine 代謝分手,缺乏哪一種酵系會導致ypouricemia(低尿酸血症)?
(1) Adenosine Deaminase
Deficiency.
(2) Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
(+) Xanthine oxidase deficiency.
9、sout(痛风)的原因?
purine ↑→ uric acid↑→ goint:
Xanthine
oxidaset.
最易引起痛风?
⇒含糖飲料最易(很多果糖,AMP↑)
肉類、黄豆製品,蕈菇、海鮮
吃啥使原有痛风病史的人易復發?
(二)啤酒(60%),海鮮(18%)、內臟類食物(14%).
發酵品最易(細胞核多約)
(2)Gout
·痛风的风險
=> "Metabolic arthritis (代謝性關結炎)
“Purinè 來源
>80%來自代謝
Obesity, Cancer ...
⇒20%来自会物
高嘌呤食物、酒精、脱水
Double A

ページ11:

(+) gont
④痛风的治療
& Reduce uric acid, 47 (Allopurino): diet:
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
0
Xanthine
uric acid.
H
uric acid
Allopurino
2個競爭此每
Xanthine oxidoreductase
尿酸止;但Kaithine↑故要多喝水排除
△ Increase 增加uric acid 排出, urate oxidase (uricase)尿酸氧化酶.
uric acid HN-
Uricase
H
0271420
382
allantoin. 尿素
易绤於水,有毒性」保養品加,但有限量
Quiz
A嘌呤核苷酸分解
> 核苷酸(Audeotides)→核苷(uncleosides)→鹼基→終產物
B.嘌呤核苷酸分解过程含氧化作用&脫胺.
ci 人體無法將purine環打開成尿囊素(allantoin.) 但老鼠可以.
六、人体合的最終產物為wiicacid
痛风定義?
机拜?
Ett purine 767 & gout 13}?
連結风險因素&站疫策略?
Double A

ページ12:

Strand
1
2,DNA結構
(1)描繪核酸形式核酸的鍵結種類
(2)敘述双股螺旋核酸的特性&應用
(3).敘述核酸組裝為染色体之方法:
1.phophodiester bridge (linkage).磷酸雙脸鍵
第一個提供5C碑上的℃
base
RNA
baye
CH.
Hbasel
第二個提供50牗上的品
H2C
base
DNA
2. Hydrogen bond st
•ATURA:24 C+CFA 39
.210
NM
.3.. Van der. wall.interactions 凡得瓦力.
鹼基對之間的力(微小)。
鹼基對.
7. 凡得瓦力:
LJ-H
Guanine H
Cytosine
H-N
Adenine
双股構造
34Å
-3.4Å
Thymine
.轉3600→有十個鹼基對
14 bases 3.4 R ·
James Watons. Francis Crick model of DNA.
→双股反為平行,螺旋
一股5'3',另一股3'25'
→ base問有氫鍵.
核苷政間有磷酸双胎鍵
→ bases 間距離4月
Double A

ページ13:

Type of DNA
B-DNA
A-DNA
Z-DNA
每轉(360)有多少
12
10.4
鹼基对
右手螺旋
右手螺旋
左手螺旋
cell內可找
• cell
成熟cell→星A
Cell.in
到
多為B
- cell複製or分裂
Groove
DNA凹陷處
wide.12
Deep: fish wile: 64
Deep12.58
major-groove side.
major. groove大弯
W-H
Glycosidic
bond
Minor
凹的錢
minor groove J.5
H-N
:И
Glycosidic
groove side.
Giuanime - Ciftosine.
Adenine - Thymine
H
AV
-H-N74
"Glysosidic'
.0
'4'
Glycosidic
Bond
bond
氨建形成的位置
可有一些蛋白質去辨認(DNA與protein連結)
:SONA去執行複製&特辑
Anticancer drug 抗癌藥.
1、破壞DNA結構使無法複製、轉錄
2. 5th: 1692. groove Ex
Hil
H3
.與鹼基上的胸垫.
NT.
变扭曲
groove不见
癌l
3. p. cisplatin (114)
=) call 36 tort (apoptosis)
→有副作用(攻正常(1).恶心、呕吐、神經堵
不用修後,你可作分裂
Toouble Ar
⇒現多與其他菜一起使用,因用太久有抗藥性:特定all係蛋白與cisplatin-DNA讓位置結合

ページ14:

DNA 12 (FTA) melting)
蛋白变性的化學交应
DVA变性物理反应
玫瑰机键,可回復
• Melting. Temperature (Tm) : Áth¾=BBk
135 ARDNATA-AR.
•denatured temperature :"all"
native state
A.7712
heating
04
3'5'3'5'
·Single-stand
state
.
四夜
(denatured state)
◄ ELÍS TEL : 411 47+ 74° 76436
renatured
State
應用:
=
all
(二)溫度高,11度单2.98℃.999%.
Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
-27318 primer & 32x1774 (dATP-dCTP... ) && Mg".
√ 核酸(單股DNA)=260mm可測到吸光值...
·蛋白質:280nm DWA剩下之旁白質,可知DNA品質,蛋白多、變↓
• RNA. 13 A tRNA MENA, ERNA I 9
High A-T, content DNA
1. High C-G content!
DNA
74
86
tRNA
iRNA
双键形式
.有立体扭曲.
MENA.
AUG
UAG
“非基因應有效股結構
Viral RNA(RNA)
TRNA647
(a)
複習
鹼基形式
双股.
? DNA RNA STA
> RNA的樣態更多
?I DNA ENA FER UK TER=4&1*
1th DNA cisplatin
3. PCR Z 6 7 ? ④ONA À QUOTI ©ANTP; GM31
Double A

ページ15:

DNA cell & ?
LASTEDNA]
"Topoisomers'
Mobius scrips Topology
negative superhelix.
(144142)
8
circlar form.
superhelix form
色体WA]勾到細胞核中.
→直的DNA
→ DNA (protein-chromatin) (171)
→ Chromatin, DNA protein, in eukaryotic cells.
DNA
← undeosomes E.
histones HI
histones
(H2A1428.43.44) 2.
471325-864
Histone
octamer
$21.340..
有規則的堆疊:
> 使好折開
DNA
750
• 113747 DNA d'a & histones 25X
DNA有磷酸纸带电.
蛋白上有带正电的胺基酸(Arg.ys).
H4-H3 TA Arginine (R)+
HAHIB Lysine (kit
12
-Chromatin; DNA-protein #7356757.
Histones
-Nucleusomes
• Histones | chromatin protein.
Nucleosomės
Histone octamer, H2A: H2B.H3, H4 of 2
11am
700mm
140nm
Histones ( 2 73.47.?
9. É ZA DNA
Double A

ページ16:

DNA
replication fork
保護單股DNA
ingle-strand hiding.
protein,
Helicase
,DNA POITⅢ(DNA聚合酶立)
17041518
primase
1.拆放單股(半保留方式)
215'343
1715445
(it)
引導服
.複製泡
149.
落後股
FEAR (FR)
引導胶
複製的起美
DNA pol I
DNA ligase 763
FERNA 18=3
变磷酸脂鍵
.補上的拨有效
DNATE (in q×¥*]
酵素蛋白.
Initiation A
.4分階段
Topoisomerases DNA
Helicases TEDNA DNA & PAR
Single-Strand binding proteins (SSB). 17 FARONA. 7o
RNA primase 3 550 (RETE17), ONA
Extension
DNA polymerase
Termination
(DNA pol I primers }).
DNA ligase - #6 yı
DNA in T 1440 (intiation)
-DNAR E.coli, 4.6×10% base pairs, <40mins
→DNA (prepriming complex→RNA
E.COIDNA是圓形,複製起实只有一個.
Drielens (特別的位置)上有245個特別的鹼基對(特殊的序列)
Da Oric locus =) ONA
B
Dna-b, a helicase, FERRARDNA ATP hydrolysis »]DNA (21, base pairs)
Single-stranded-binding protein (SSB) KEY FAR (AT ELA JE, 13 mer). TEDNA ŽA
(AT rich)
Dua A
Dna B (helicase)
Dna A
Double A

ページ17:

3. DNA replication
(1)DNA replication
(2) 2. DNA replication
• 139 (x4) T T & NA replication A:
·DNA複製在何時發生?
1. cell cycle, R.
&
有絲分裂
的準備
期
期
1.順序
d
後
2.DNA複製→5期(長)
細胞体
3、G2很快
止期
Go
(不做分裂時)
細胞段製
最长
M
Gz GI
Inter
Ş
phase 民安正常”
DNA
被裝
£5 FOR.
代謝
2、 Protein production. 蛋白質製造
(central dogma vista )) TRA
DNA synthesis
212
(replication)
DNA
基因区
RNA synthesis
nucleotides. (transcription)
RNA病毒有
反轉錄酵素
reverse transcriptase.
Reverse 574
RNA訊號DNA.
Transcription.
特線
(RNA)
MRNA
protein synthesis
(translation)
amino acid
→ RNA易分解;DNA不易
proteinl
有生理功能
製造&DNA需要反轉錄酵素 RNA DNA
互補DNA.
(RNA病毒).
ex.covid薪.
植物更多
Double A

ページ18:

·解螺旋酶分離的DNA透過ATP水解.
17 helicase JJ PA).
Helicase
> 使DNA可用於DNA聚合酶
(ADP+D)
ATP
ATP
(ADRA)
→ ZB HK GE15 CAT subunits (X). ADNA 4/2011). TRE JF DNA EX
→人類也有類似 helicase的酵素,if缺损,影響DWA預裝,提早衰老,cell不能更新.
•Tepoisomerase-1 for 1941
→DNA解開對應複製作用or後裝完後重新形成螺旋
-> Type 1 topoisomerases
要在双股DNA中,某端切开一段DNA,並接上段实,使之竿股
→ Type2 Topoisomerases 13 5
將好的图因是过切到某一項,使螺旋形式.
→ in E.coli RA DNA gyrase in 177244.
Antibiotics Th
1、治療細菌感染.
.21 JP $). DNA gyrase
:
Jo
000000000
.1
Xx0000000
08+88
0
Validixic acid
Ciprofloxacin
3. Nalidixic and and ciprofloxacin..
Ciprofloxacin ³± authrax()¶±
• Single - Strand. Binding Proteins (SSB)
接上防止内被水解酶分解
ATP
Primase t
→ SEXRNACTE).
-->. ZERNATEDNA STB primer (5'-3'). DNA
→ Primasome=
.複習
KNA
primer
• prepriming complex & primer
1.DNA pul.
a. SSB
primase
Lagging
Strand
prinerl
DNA.
pol
DNA
helicase
RNA
DNA TER
primase
primer DNA polymerase.
新合成PNA
Double A

ページ19:

A
DNA polymerase (E. coli) (Extension)
→5種DNA聚合酶(一种蛋白)
5.→3'的核酸外切酶
a. Polymerase 2. →移走RNA primer &DNA修復→3→5'的核酸外切碎.
Polymerase I 112 (repair)
△ polymerase Ⅲ→作大片段複製
Polymerase IV → repair
Polymerase v. → repair
= 375' 5.4 exonuclease.
= 3-5 exonuclease.
TAGT
3'
51
3'25'往回找錯誤+切掉
DNA聚合酶催化phosphioriester-linkage 形式(磷酸雙脂謎)
(DNA)ntdNTP = (DNA)nti+PP;
10101
dATP PP.
新成
TC
G C A
dall &
G C
A G
CA
C G T·C A
101010101.5
1.1747: dATP, dcTP. dGTP. ATTP & Mgt
2.原始的DNA作模板.
3. A primer
4. 很多DIA的聚合酶(貝核酸水解功能)
DNA聚合酶結構-DNA polymerase
(一)第一個發現的DNA聚合酶
protein
I.
碳损
exonuclease
Klenow fragment (Napol工中的(端),除了有DNA聚合酶的活性外,也有335'外切酶的活性
ONA
finger
Palm
| Thumb JP
174177
DNA. P01 校正新進的bases.
錯的切掉,重新加上對的
① shape 互補
> 正確的氫鍵.
②進來之後酸正確與否→結構正確
構形不同ATCG:
-7. Nuclease activity (12 34 36 14 ) 3 1466 36 77 73452
→Exconulease.
activity (step/432112) 3-5',5'-7.31.
7. 9. Hydrolytically deaved, 144
ayou
①
校正→選擇正確的→使複製維持正常,
切掉錯誤的
外切海
活性区
有錯就找到
Double A

ページ20:

DNA of 3 (DNA polymerase II) Elogation -
DNA-high processive polymerase
DNA polymerase II 1.717) by handle A2 & B3A)
→ sliding clamp (P₂ subunit) helix 3 = 417
clamp loader. AL (ATRI 10F·K).
DuaB
Chelicase
• DNA-pol TV (Trombone slide)
新試 抓模板.
Polymerase
Core
leading
laggind strand
Strand
Trombone
slide
h
to leading slide a
2, lagging strand (Okazaki fragments?
合成不連續,每一個大約是100個核苷酸
(二)較不易出錯
同時進行
·最後合成酵素差不多
DNA ligase (termination)
Step 1: hick with
Step3
nick
1. DNA polymerase I RNA primer
2.DNA ligase (198, REZ (mick.)
FLO000
(AMP)-
Step2
•DNA ligase +ATP:
DNA •·ligase -0-0-0
(AMP-Enzyme)
=) lagging strand
.後習-原核生物的複製
·半保留(semiconservation),各自用其中一股作合成.
• 31174: initation ; extension; termination
Quiz
E.coli DNA pul II Klenow fragment
DNA pol =544
Act (C-terminal) |
begins
perpriming
+ primer
pal
leading &
lagging strain
pol. I
Aligase Re
primer.
=)
lagging strain
at Oricon 53' x
leading strain
• *, cells, & DNA pol ITP E. coli 574 DNA pol
THE
真核生物和原核複製很像,但蛋白,酵素複雜度,DA真道,原方圆不同
China
Double A

ページ21:

1440 Eukaryotic by
Prokaryotes [11½ cell
Eukaryotic
21% !! 7 DNA cell
Human replication.
DNA histones, DNA histone
histone bx acetylation histone 2, AR, DUA
複製完後,用HDC將2醯基擦掉.
acetylation - blynne or Argine E
7741947+
histone tail
無污性染色質
(chromating
erasers
write
Acetylation
COA CA
HAD
"'HD'AC; histone deacetylase.
'HAT = "histone acetyltransferåse ·
Peacetylation
HDAC
Acetate
1基因表達
Human replication. (Initiation).
>人類的DNA長又难,需不止一起奌
$3000 11 replication initation sites (13
合成速率关鍵→DNApol的效率..
Haman rep
2'
DNA Spol
Okazaki tra
logging st
leading"
lication (Initiation and extension).
RNA primer DWA α primase
lagava
single-stranded DNA binding protein
F
y Topoisomerase
DNABE pol
Polymerases
helicase
-
Pol & primase & ZE DNABY X5
Pol B → repair she (primer) pol
Pol & Lagging strain
Pol & Leading strain &
1)相當於pol
Pol 14 DNA (mstochondrial DNA).
'Proof reading
核酸外切酶的功能
..
Double A

ページ22:

4. DNA repair 11 → íà F
(1)描繪DNA損傷的型態.
(2) DNA repair n
1 cell DNA repair?.
.保持DNA複製的忠誠度(fidelity).
1.用DNA聚合酶選擇正確的鹼基→確保與模板一樣.
2123-5' (F&E proofreading) -) #65 base
3. 43131, 13(translation polymerase) 14, 25547)
511259DNA 101 (Endogenous DNA damage).
1.16 Oxidative damage.
脱脂作用. Deamination.
磷酸双胎键被破壞
!
31 (24/hr) Single / Double strand break,
DNA (Exogenous).
1.711141 (22break yah, 104/hr) Physical.
2, 116, mutagens finds him.
31
生物性傷害(小病毒).
=>外源性損傷遠小於內源性.
./. DNA demage #70] KFJJKT ?. Yes
Chemical.
Biological
cancer.
21 DNA demage of cell death or 7/4514444 TEAR-
3. Repair 'systems
- repair rate: 2x105/hr for
Base alternation is 1266318 31918
1. Oxidation
Hydroxyl radicals
HN
ra
H.
• Guanine
-4 Oxidation
2, Deamination
W-H
Adenine
H
GC-GA
GEC G=A
H₂N
8-Oxaguanine
8-Oxoguanine
Adenine
•AT» hypoxanthine-C
Hypoxanthine. Cytocine.
改变鹼基配對使之变錯
Double A

ページ23:

Human replication (Termination).
Telomere +7 1331) (both sides).
Telomere.
(TTAGG)
666GTT GGGGTT
CCCCAACCCCAA
→穩定染色体的尾端
→ 預防 nucleave degradation (核酸水解酶分解)
→預防臨近染色体尾端不黏起來.
→確保尾端的修復,双股DNA的正確
P DNA複製之後
分
Telomerase by
> 尾端不黏一起(修復尾端單股成双股 III, 不被水解
→ Ribonucleo protein complex.(RNA&蛋白質混合).
→具反轉錄的刮性(短的RNA.fragment (片段)可當作模板(Template))
→保護有縮短功能的DNA再複製
Telomerase
"ICC CHANCES > RNA template
az nudeotide.
DNA
adult stem cell
short telomeres
,成人愈來愈短.
embryonic stem cell t
胚胎型cell
555
long Telomeres.
胚胎型cell;分裂效率↑,尾端長,尾端每个.
• Embryonic cells AIAG fall.
Reproductive cells (stem) 生殖cell
Stem cells 成人轲cell
-Cancer cells ocell
端粒延緩cell衰老(海利克極限)
(好的)
複習
= b² cell 18 77 x 400-10=4.
1. A Pold Pole, Pots, Pole Poly (1)
2itelomeres 作用:穩定染色体,預估尾端水解&融合,修後,確保WA正確性
3.描述Telomeres:Rva+蛋白質混合作,有一个RNA template 作接板尾端作聚合
Quiz
DNA複製→ DNA Pol贌加入核苷酸/DNAprimeraci动RNA primer/helicase需耗能/
DNA Ligase負責密封單股DNA缺口.
Double A

ページ24:

3. alkylation reaction vik
19
Base & CH (hydrocarbons)
vex. Aflatoxin).
→ highly reactive epoxide
guanine 1x
•guanine (G)
vex, Chemicals in Cigarette smoke
(G)
Vex、汽機車廢氣
deoxyribose
OCH3
Aflatoxin B
↓ Cytochrome Paso (A4+6154)
ss
BOCHS
Aflatoxin B, epoxide
| Reaction with DNA
DNA adduct (0)
Calkylated guanine)
4.Pyrimidine dimer
UV Cultraviolet radiation) 164
→阻止複製
5. DNA strand break
• (high-energy electromagnetic radiation)
··X-rays; electromagentic
wave
HN
Thijminė
dimer
7=T
Double-strand break
Single-strand break
鹼基變化-突变
基因河式玩蛋白的位置
→有考不表现蛋白;
在表现票白上発生異
DNA修復的机制
linky cell DNA repair?
複習.
變異in基因区
影響較大
不適當
./. Recognize the snappropriate bases) 1
· Remove the inappropriate. baselsa
3. Fill in the resulting gap
→要让DNA複製
2 base alternations
Oxidation/Deamination / alkylation reaction/
Pyrimidinė dimer/DNA strand break.
with DNA pol I and DNA ligase
117) DNA polymerase proofread (7) $414 DNA BIR & ETL match
DNA repair systems
./. Base excision repair (14) - 17426116&A INDNA
2. Nucleotide excision repair - Stay in DNA (UV. chemicals, smoke...)
3. Mismatch repair - TEDNA 1377) 1711
4. Double (single)-strand break repair
Double A

ページ25:

1: Base excision repair
AP (apyrimidine or apurine). Hele base
# deamination of methy cytosine to thymine
ARAB
5-Methylcytosine.
5'-Methylcytosine
→可做轉課作用
CEG
it
1=A
Thymine
glycosylase
3: RRRRRR 51.
·AP.
Deoxyribose
endonuclease phosphodiesterase
p
; 為行生理功能自然會產生的甲基化的胞嘧天
→ (methyl- sensitive restruction enzyme) PAS
二、脫腰在鹼基最易發生.
• Remove uracil in DIVÁ
=) Cytosine 12 deaminate uracil.
尿不应出现在DNA→清除
632A-URG-C pair
51
35
DNA.
polymerase
DNA
聚合
Ligase
5566683
7. - 1 DNA 1X xyz Uracil, raci! DNA glycosylase, uracil DNA glycosidase
1x cytosine AP
7.17 Thymidine Henrací)..) ³) Cytosine 64 ALAS
→ methy cytosine to thymine
Cytosine to uracil
Z Nucleotide excision repair.
(1) base-excision = ZELJKE Z
(+) Transcriptional regulation
CJA DNA photolysis (R)
JAZ
JAP endonuclease.
DNA polymerase I
DNA ligase
*
Excision of a 12-uncleotide fragment
• 12%. by 4vYABC excinuclease
↓
DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase I
Je pyrimidine dimer:
→. 1, 1 Base excision repair 1959
↓補上
Joining by DNA ligase
Double A

ページ26:

if nucleotide excision repair #31 180 1
→
caused by DNATE, PLIKI -
(1) Xeroderma pigmentosa
→多發性皮膚癌
→ uvr ABC excinuclease (1)
→入染色体隱性遺傳疾病,禁止醒系缺損,無法辨認損傷並修復
• DNA by 11 18 6 3 th & tumor suppressors Typ AX
>有一些腫腦缺乏DNA修復系統,50破壞DNA結構是一筆略可作抑癌藥.
→ bases配对錯誤.
3. mismatch repair.
(1)校正DNA複製損傷
(2) In E.coli, 2 b
→ Muts.辨認錯誤
> MutH,外切酶作用,切一段缺損區
- Mut L
3
Mats Much MucH)
Muts Mutl
Exonuclease
1
JOWA Pol
|||
* Adenine if Cyrosine by methylation 16,1 mismatch..
→不錯的附近標上中基(錯設配對的記號
5! GAT C31. 5'-GATC-2'
3.CTAG. 5' 3'-CTAG-5'
m
Escolii A+++ mismatch system
4, Double (Single) -strand break repair.
(1)DNA重組,兩個DNA分子之間的遺傳資訊交換
(2) 2個子DA股是2个母DNA股交换形成
CH3
H
or
m
5-CG-3'
←
(3) A recombination / 17,181 52 63 DNA TRIES, 242 €9
同源染色体的重組..
Homologous recombination
* nick
• Fork collapse
GC-51
m
Double A

ページ27:

Homodog ons recombination.
1.BADST(蛋麵變之→真核 011
辨認双股DNA斷裂的位置,
把斷掉端奌内切一些
(RecA→原核(RadA→綠蟲)
Zi Strand invasion
將長的一端穿入同源染色体,.
用同源當模板.
136 = ALDNA displacement loop.
31. DNA synthesis Ex
4, Holiday junction
→
合成好的穿出,完成修復
Duble-strand
break
.找一條用法的模板
↓
找到机会能
it
.很慢,DNA易發短
↓
-----
故易找不同派cell作模板
正確率低
有時11死,还比较好。
5.從模板上分開
複習
1.BNA repair原理
(recognize; remove, fill)
(Single)
.
剪不掉用
酵素無法proofread用,用同源染色体交换.
2 repair **...
"base excision repair, undestide excision repair, mismatch repair, Double-strand repair
剪掉單-base錯誤.
Quiz
1: base excision repair.的第一個酵素?
DNA glywsylase. AP endonuclease → DNA ligase
Double A

ページ28:

5. RNA synthes
(transcription >
(1) RNA synthesis
(2) $2 RNA sythesis. Fot.
(3)区與原核真核生物RNA. sythesis的異同
RNA pos transcriptional modification
(9)
Gene transcription.
•FNA polymerase.
3' code
5'
模板
gene. mRNA.
DNA & RNA
相同:皆為核苷酸合成
85185185-731
相異:DNA→双股→双股:半保留方式合成
DNA.AZ
gene
(***
.还有其他区.
all in DNAŁ
TRNA. ORNA
DNALY
Transcription
RNA
RNA
Il translation only miRNA
RNA→ 單股一股作接板(355)
coding
密碼胶
- Template F
Protein
Enzymes in transcription
RNA polymerase (1% &T¥72-75-)`
→Template, dsDNA
RNA coding. - U
RNA
VGGUAGU
DNA 31 ACCARCAG
four precursours = ATP, GTP.UTP CTP. 13
磷酸双胶键。因單股不需特殊氣淨
My or 469
55555331
起始
延長
終止
·RNA polymerases. (initation, elongation, termination).
RNA polymerase
1 km (promoters Pips in DNA) → instation
JJ DNA (22ONA) SSONAI FORDNA)
> 找到啟动子,DNA才會打開成模板.
3. 選擇適當的核苷酸(形式磷酸脂鍵)→ elongation 真正的聚合
4. DNA Termination sign £? Termination
5、蛋白的活性因子&抑制因子會調節轉錄的速率(真核常見)
. =). 7% Starter, ½§ promoter FRIJF RPJ
沒有prof read校正,因短不易出錯(無外切酶345.7
→DNARNATA
Double A

ページ29:

原核生物只有一種RNA polymerase
= mRNA, VRNA, URNA 1672 12-13 (12pcs)
> 原核生物無細胞被
RNA polymerase (Eicoli)
→由六個蛋白(Expp.W)組合而成
RNA transcript
RNA Polymerase complex.
subunit
function
☑
→穩定酵素結構
☆→負責核苷酸聚合(真正在聚合約
W
({ $(17)] - elongation!
→ JEDNA hold 13, 104 & YAZ
→使作用完後,回復原來的形式.
*@ -31414 promoter Intiation
Transcription (in 177%).
Step 1 Instation.
被缩合後
Promoter region
coding strand st
TGTTGAGA TATAAT
→773789133)
template strand 31.
sign
NAJI
Termination
SIDNA.
-35.
10
- RNA
(4137 (-10.-35)
region
region
特絲的起点,+1.
意!
start site
DNA
→ 几乎位於上游(負任).
0 4 3 5 7 3 7 7 7 7 6 6 1 4 - BX=17487?
·Step 2. Elongation.
DNA topoisomerase je DNATHIT
#135 Transcription bubble (open-close complex
→通常只有1.7bp(17个鹼基)
transition)
聚合海運动方向
RNA polymerase
724
→ RNA-DNA hydrid, helix 8 bp. (RNA DNA± 281).
會移动,打开合成好,关上
-
→ DNA (24/3)
Step 3. Termination.
DNA (331)
→DNA Terminator 40132
AGCCCGC
TCGGGCG
palindromic sequence 2/531). G-4.
#hairpin-like (ONA iRNA
→ hairpin-like #35 A3) (Ab), 57)
.因此會形成U序列=> ru-dApairs.
→形成200.300个.10-dA後就會掉下來(終止).
3 靠結構上的特異
B→ 聚合作用一直進行
B'→ hold 1 TRAFAY
GCGGGCT-TTTTTTTT
CGCCCGA LAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAA
RNA
3' coding
·5' template
-31. coding.
・5' template
Double A

ページ30:

·Step 3. Termination
21 2011 Rho protein
→ Pho protein INA Site By 31 (78)
→提供ATP檔能量,破壞RNA-DNA鍵結,並使RNA掉下来
→終止反应。
Termination
P-dependent & p-independent
7kho
4TP
77730
需要 Rho
複習
FALE initiation, elongation, termination
Initiation REP
→RNA polymerase 1 promoter
“把DNA解开,露出模板
•elingation
> RNA Dol延著DNA模板打开合成,完成後关上
termination &L.
→碰到蛋白就提供能量
.)去使RNA掉落
沒碰到,而碰到特異結構
ADP
+P:
Pho
RNA polymerase.
PPP 51
.protein.
Quiz
原核生物RNA聚合酶是延長作用時,哪个次單元(submint參與最少?
⑤辨認完就鬆开
抗生素抑制細菌阵铁
1.抑制NA延長作用
21 Targets $65: RNA59
3. Drugs..
Ritampoint B subunit, RNA-DNAP, IR RNA FRFK JIA); ZERNATE TRE
•Actinomycin → Je DNA double helix : TRRNA 17391A (1873 374 )
Double A

ページ31:

Enzyme's
in transcription
•Three RNA polymerase in eukaryote k
Type I 51 5185, 185, 185 IRNA
F
α-amanitin
Type II mRNA shRNA
Type TtRNA, 55.rRNA
→抑制最淺.
→嚴重抑制
→α-amantin P
2-amanstih.
**
14 45 Amanita phalloides 17. death cap, the destroying ange!
→ RNA pot
真核生物的轉錄作用.initiation
[ Promoter region (DNA → DNA)
DNA
cis-acting elements
promoter DNA DNA (1)
-Transcription factors (protein -> DNA)
13 protein trans-acting elements
蛋白質去調節DNA(不同結構)
→皆調節RNA聚合酶,轉錄作用啟動
ARNA polymerase I. promoter · mRNA.
In
Enhancer
TATA box.
promoter.
or.
Enhancer
Inr OPE
promoter
RNA polymerase I promoter rRNA
UPE PIn
185
轉錄免再切割
5.84
57345
17283
Inr: Initiator element
DPE: Downstream core. promoter
promoter
RNA polymerase promoter tRNA and 53 VRIJA
element.
Type 15
5S rRNA
怎,在轉錄起點的下游,promoter與起突近
A block -c block
Type IL TRNA
A block 1/
B-block
UPE : Upstream, promoter element
点在上游
Inr: ribosomal initiator element
°
·RNA polymerase: I. Initiation
4 promoters for RNA pol IL
1. TATA box, xydp>-32dp
21 InЯiator element (Inr) -3dp.5.dp?
734
3. downstream cor promoter element (DPE). +2&dp>+35.dp., TATA box UEFA
4. CHAT box, GC box -40dp-150dp
TA TAAA Aso. 3'
TATA box.
鬼易與原核的TATAAT混淆
TGTTGAGA
any t
GGCAATCT 3
CAAT box.
51GGGCGG 31
GC box
Double A

ページ32:

RNA pol I intiation.
→ Enhancer
DNA
cis-acting elements. A promoter 543214.
2、刺激promoter的效益,引之活性被加強白:千倍(活性高,轉錄快,產物多)
3.可距離startsite很遠(千個鹼基遠),仍可影響
4, BQ 43 3169 enhancer-binding proteins
→因癌症而発現,miya基因轉位变复
ONA
與轉錄起與距離
Enhancer o間接調節
可透,上下游皆可
Promoter. 2.直接調節.
要近,每个不同游
b
TBP
TATA AA
→ Transcription factors
1.與啟動子結合以調節基因表達
"
TFILA, TFIB, etc..
3. E TATA box fitte, TATA-box-binding-protein (TBP), TELD.69XDE-
basal transcription complex F ZFBT 17.
123 FR REP.
4.與P01Ⅲ的獲備作交互作用;使C端磷酸化→活化
(7714)
Multiple Transcription factors.
•] (E) promoters & enhancer
細
DNA7.
CTD
磷酸
TELE
THE LO
mediator
multiple TF
ONA
Transcription
factor
RNA pol I
21刺激或抑制轉錄:看裡面有什么因子.
增加精細度
3. 這種大型複合物,稱 mediator,傳播一樣去銜接 enhancer-bound活化劑和蛋白
? polymerase, promoter
·4. combinatorial control 11.
複習
Ret. Pol 1 6 in cells?
promoter., Enhancer., Transcription factor multiple transcription factors,
Quiz
• A413x185. 285 ŕRNA?,
RNA polymerase I
Double A

ページ33:

Poststranscription modification $4.5.3,
>TERNATI
·ENA polymerase
→修飾rRNA
1
/ #'s X precursor RNA (+2
2.p. 285.183., 5.83.YRNAS.
21
3 snoRNA
'
• small-nucleolar ribonucleoproteins
Dibosomes (1½ #1917) €17 in 1½ cell
SRNA
585 RNA
SS RNA
~45 proteins
與蛋白質組裝
185 RNA
~30 proteins
157
GoS)
3×106Da
ribosomal RNA cel
總RNA的80%.
405
15×106Da
ribosomes in. 177½ cell.
505
31 proteins
7235, 55 RNA
(303)
YRNA
(705)
*165RNA
protein's
584
1185
285
Pre-RNA (455)
↓修飾.
1185
1285
snoRNP | Cleavage ± Methy & groups.
P
Pseudouridine (4)
Mature rRNAs
1837RNA
5.85RNA 285rRNA
00
803
415×10670
Double A

ページ34:

RNA polymerase
亚
1551 RNA (264)64 (precursor)
21. RNase PC a. KNA sequence.) 15/3 precursor 7AB1257.
3. 瑞切除多餘的後,需接上cc)-adding enzyme
可與胺基酸作鏈結
3. Intron pynt Anticodon (it)
A endonuclease ligase.
4. 有bave & riboses需被修飾.
七ENA有最後維持課後修飾→有最多非典型鹼基
screptor-31
Arm
Darm
Tycarm
Extra arm
anticodon
·armi
4017 amino and
4個功能区→穩定RNA結構
• Darm • TA dihyrouridine =D=DHU
• Acceptor. arm. CCA-3'7745antícodon 1917.
•• Anticodon loop. MRNA
• TyĊ arm. ribothimide, psi pseudouridine
H
dihyrouridinė
14 ribosome
7247.
wto
004
uridine
OH
Psendouride=4.
ENA
polymerase
e I
→合成mRNA(修飾最多的)
7.51366) Capping (707BIELA DE GTP-
2507.
213 214. polyadenylation (11145/46), both adenine, tx poly A polymerase
3. splicing.(*73 171A),7C748173359161369 introns 1§ 79, {F} \ mature mRNA
Capping 7573671245.
•
7-methy guanylate '.
915
往回收成2nd.
cap 0±7.cap. cap. to
P1 (Methylation) in cytoplasm()
“是因cell 缺乏甲基来源
HO OH
NH
cap o
NH₂
7-methylguanylate
base
cap 1
甲基來源→直葉酸.
CH₂
capz
Double A

ページ35:

Polyadenylation 715
- the 3'2 £ to & adenylate
→被内切酶切样变AAU ①
→7½ poly(A) polymerase to (A)
加
→ in cell (77)
Splicing
→ only 74 cell
模板DNA
5'cap.
AAAAA-
RNA.
+7912
s'cap-
ATP
Pli
•AAVAAAAAAAA (A)
Polyadenylated mRNA precursor
intron
→ RXA 72 cell TA; exons (coding region) & introns. (noncoding region.)
→te intron exons by spilling.
B-globin gene
可50~100000个核苷酸
transcription
Cap formation.
Poly(A) polymerase
Cap
-(A)n
SUTR
3'UTR
start
Stop
Poly-A tail
A m→ coding sequence (31 1.1 amino acid).
it in intranslated region 7
Primary transcript
I splicing
(Ain
Cap
.B-Globin mRNA.
区
M
wh
.5' splice site
3'split
splite site
Upstream
Branch Site.
exon
AGGUAAGU
-(Py)~NCAGG
Downstream
exton'
-Intron
tp'
• Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes (SnRNPs)
> 與前mRNA相连形成spliceosome(拼接待,
5' 5' AG/GUAAGU 3' +P first GU
3
·3'端:由嘧啶標記CAG. PGAG
The branch site 1050
74270
(YRNA URNA 541 1 3 1
21 mRNA
→. 5'-capping. '3'- Polyadenylation, Splicing.
To remove .introns.
Double A

ページ36:

"Alternative splicing for $165") splicing
→增加蛋白多樣性.
→ 透过pre-mRNA去切割不同位置,產生出不同表白
膜
ex瘦体系(同基因,一種當接收器。一種做維利血液).
保留了可街就在膜上的序列
if切掉mRNA
in肌肉基因(同基因)
→用切割不同位置,來表現各種肌肉的特性:
Alternative splicing
with RNA editing
lipoprotein LDL receptor
jassembly
binding
>貢獻很多蛋白多樣性,不同生理功能
1.4536
ApoB100脂蛋白.
不能切
↓ translation
CAA
131C
RNA editing
with by ALA
VAA
↓ translation
12152
·Apo B-48
突變
Apolipoprotein B
→重要腦質持逞蛋白
]3' DAAYYENY
11-stop codon (UAA) → apo B-1001 apo 13-48.
非製造新切點,而是製造終止訊號
3-
切点
→將斥切奌弄不见or在不对的地方製造新印奌
在原tron的位置出现切关
in thalassemis 地中海型血,血液疾病,讓splice ste被改变(下圖).
,
retinitis pigmentosa PREMA EÓN RETE splicing 5,775 04-05-06.-tri-shRup}{}
·SnRNP.異常还有一病:
正常.5
AG
pre-mRNA
形成另外昂奌
STOP GU
Ai.
紅斑性囊瘡
-AG11111111
有一部分
Abnonmal mature mRNA
Normal mature mRNA
正常呈不夠←認不出分解掉
-criz
Double A

ページ37:

miRNA/SIRNA
HIL
…
MiRNA/SiRNA.
PITTTT
www.p.
.
易結合
P
miRNA
miRNA/SIRNA
RISC↓
miRUPL
MRNA
剪持
"L" MRNA locking
degradation RNA
⇒作調節作用(使过多的protein減少)
.)現用於治療疾病,精準医療
Quiz
MRNA穩定性、正確..
→ mRNA分子上放三級結構可延緩被降解速率.
- MRNA 6 557
Double A

ページ38:

MRNA的轉錄和加工是偶合的.
→ transcription & splicing
羧基端.
BETE MRNA OTOLHAT, T RNA polymerase II, Fp Carboxyl - Terminal domain (CT)
• MRNA 1 3 8 2 1 1 LT FOTD
CTD:
1.找酵果去合成上端的Cap
21735splicosome
2. * protein & 55X poly A
recap.
• MRNATHY
人增加蛋白多樣性
212 splicing TR 527172/64
疾病
產生不正常 mature mRA 正常產生下降.
•CTD of poly II
→ capping, splicing, F138X poly(A)
177274064 mRNA
=> 1.1½ mRNA 71. (no. pre. mRNA & mRNA)
*) mRNA IMA== Shine - Dalgarno (SD) sequence
- SD sequence ± 2A ribosomal binding site 73 #117 12 1772 165 RNA 155)
⇒ 直接進入,VRNA系統作轉譯
= SD sequence start codon AUG 18 bases 35
-
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) > +15%.
informational RNA (mRNA) -> }{+}
Transporting RNA (tRNA)\\\\
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
small cytoplasmic RNA (sERNA)
micro RNA (miRNA) → (47) mRNA 14})
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) (1R mRNA 14).
.6% TR mRNA 5x4.
Double A