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1. Gerund
agen
a gemind is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing". The
gerund form of the verb "read"; s "reading". You can use a
as the subject the complement, or the object of a sentence
Ex.
Reading helps you learn English SUBJECT OF SENTENCE
•Her favourite hobby is reading COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE
.
I enjoy reading OBJECT OF SENTENCE
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not"
Ex.
•
•
He enjoys not working
The best thing for
your health is not smoking
2. Infinitive
Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn
is to learn. You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the comple
or the object of a sentence.
Ex.
.
.
To learn is important SUBJECT OF SENTENCE
The most important thing is to learn COMPLEMENT OF SENTENCE
He wants to learn OBJECT OF SEN TENCE
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not"
Ex.
•
•
I decided not to go
The most important thing is not to give up.

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これに対して、原形不定詞は用途が狭く、主に
Object
Infintire
1) 使役動詞(~させる) (Causative verb)+目的語+原形不定詞
~に~させる
■Subject
I made him work overtime
object
私は彼に残業させた
Verb
知覚動詞(見る、聞く、感じる)+目的語+原形不定詞 Infinitive
~が~するのを見る・聞く
I Saw him cross the road.
私は彼が道路をわたるのを見た。
また、不定詞にも能動態、受動態、進行形、完了形
がある。
・能動態
to do
受動態
Ito be done
という構文でのみ使います。
「進行形 to be doing
完了形 to have done
「完了進行to have been doingl
Ito have been done
動名詞
動詞(Verb)にing 形をつけたものは動名詞と呼ばれ、to不定詞の「~すること」
と全く同じ機能を持ちます。
eating = to eat 食べること
なぜ動詞(verb)に-ingをつけたものが「動名詞」と呼ばれているかというと、もともと
verb だったのを noun と同じように使うから。不定詞todoのすること」と同じ意味
なので「不定詞」「動名詞」のどっちを使っても意味は変わらない。
He began to Study English 彼は英語の勉強をやり始めた
He began studying English 彼は英語の勉強をやり始めた

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3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject on
The complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements
gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas
Infinitives Sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerund's Soun
more natural and would be more common in everyday English.
Infinitives emphasize the possibility potential for something and
10
Sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just rememb
that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or
Complement of a sentence.
Ex. Learning is important
•
NORMAL SUBJECT
To learn is important ABSTRACT SUBJECT-LESS COMMON
•The most important thing is learning NORMAL COMPLEMENT
•The most important thing is to learn.
.
110
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to chose between
a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives
are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the
Sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.
Ex.
•
.
He enjoys Swimming
He wants to swim.
"ENJOY" Requires A GERUND
"WANT" Requires AN INFINITIVE
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.
Ex.
.
•
She
Suggested going to a movie
Mary keeps talking about her problems.
6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives
Ex
.
9
She wants to go to a movie
Mary needs to talk about her problems.