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English Senior High

〈米国憲法の父ジェームズ・マディソンの業績〉 〇で囲っているpressの意味はここでは何にあたりますか?

2 次の英文を読み、設問に答えなさい。 創立の父 “founders" or “framers." The men who created the U.S. Cohstitution are often called the _country's Bat only one framer is known as “the father of the Constitution" He is James Madison.- うVS電法。 Madison did not have the physical appearance of many politicians. He was a short man with a soft voice who had often been sick as a child and young adult. PfoR国難っ He grew up in a wealthy family in Virginia and enjoyed reading and * studying.He went to college at the school that later became_Princeton. For い a while, he did not know what kind of career he wanted. を When the Revolutionary War started between the colonists and the British, Madison's intelligence and knowledge helped him participate in debates about independence and a new American government. He eventually became a member of the Continental Congress. After the Revolutionary War, he urged the Confederation Congress to call °for a convention to strengthen the national government. Tom Howard is an educator at Madison's house in southern Virginia. 「James Madison doesn't enjoy a 1ot of press, he's not somehow historically as well-known as other of our founding statesmen, but he's certainly every bit as important We are not even sure there would be a

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English Senior High

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We are,(to a remarkable degree, the right distance from the right sort of star, one e 5 of ten billion and we wouldn't be here now./ We are also fortunate to orbit where we that is big enough to radiate lots of energy, but not so big as to burn itself out swiftly t 1s a curiosity bf physics that the larger a stor the more rapidly it burns. Had our sun Ocen ten times as massive、it would have evhonsted itself after ten million years instead of do. 1o0 much nearer and evervthing on Farth would have boiled away. Much rarther away and everything would have frozen. の14 m 1978, an astrophysicist named Micheel Hart made some calculations and Concluded that Earth would have been uninhabitable had it been just 1 percent rartner That's not much, and in fact it wasn't enough. percent 10 from or 5.percent closer to the Sun. The figures have since been refined and made a little more generous 5 nearer and I5 percent farther are thought to be more accurate assessments 1oI om zone of habitability - but that is still a narrow belt. To appreciate just how narrow, you have only to look at Venus. Venus 1s only ©10 15 twenty-five million miles closer to the Sun than we are. The Sun's warmth reaches it just two minutes before it touches us. In size and composition, Venus is very like Earth, but the small difference in orbital distance made all the difference to (3)how it turned out. It appears that during the early years of the solar system Venus was only slightly warmer than Earth and probably had oceans. But those few degrees of extra 20 warmth meant that Venus could not hold on to its surface water, with disastrous consequences for its climate. As its water evaporated, the hydrogen atoms escaped into space, and the oxygen atoms combined with carbon to form a dense atmosphere of the greenhouse gas CO2. Venus became stifling. Although people of my age will recall a time when astrononmers hoped that Venus might harbor life beneath its padded 25 clouds, possibly even a kind of tropical vegetation, we now know that it is much too fierce an environment for any kind of life that we can reasonably conceive of. Its surface temperature is a roasting 470 degrees centigrade (roughly 900 degrees Fahrenheit), which is hot enough to melt lead, and the atmospheric pressure at the surface is ninety times that of Earth, or more than any human body could withstand We lack the technology to make suits or even spaceships that would allow us to visit Our knowledge of Venus's surface is based on distant radar imagery and som。 disturbing noise from an unmanned Soviet probe that was dropped hopefully into the

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