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English Senior High

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TPidgim Emgish Wiar happcms win people necd to communicate but have no cemmon angnagef Youmay ja aken par in coavertions sak as tBiS er perhaps youve witmeswed on fmm a ore comfortablc distance. They gesturc. they talk with their hands and feet. and 一 somewhat surprisingly 一 they speak. as well. That is surprising becasse they really cannot hope tbat amyopc w山 undcrstand much morc than their moodLif hr or she camt undcrstand thr languagr_ But they go ahead and speak anyway. and we can understand bits and pieces of what they say by paying clow attcnGon to thc rrst of the communicstem A がggiz is a simplihied form of language dcvclopcd by speakkcrs who otherwise share no omon languamw This means oi course that pidgins begin in mmultiingual* stuations 一 where ai least two. and more likcly seweral languagcs cocxist. ( ) ). pidgins spring up in rading rmters or in areas umdcr industriabzation (including agricultursl industmahzation. tbat plantanion) They develop bere because the opportuniies for trade and work attractlarge mambers or people with diEernt native tongues Thc term pidgin dcvlopcd from apidgin pronumciatiop of busness: busncss Engish became pidgin English・ A pidgin in the technical snsc is a sort oflanguage scrving the meeds of a community. Thus a pidgn is not simply thc brokcn Engiish of a waiter in a ipreign restaurant (who spcaks his native language with his co-worikers). por is it an idiots verson ofa language. or a kind of inevitable deterioration* in tbe bands of barbarians*。 ( づ )。 robably the morc intelieeat and ambidoms people in s culpure who master the cpcrsy and couragw needed for the move to an industrial or market amea Somc pcopks gcl that pidgins smc wag becatsc cf the Best snd os way they py with hc structural patterns of their basc language。 In a scnsr.the charge is correct pidgins have no respect for the grammars of tbeir base angrages But 下i doesnt make pidgins wrong since he radical simphification we find in pidgins servcs a worthwisls gpal- communicahon。 Because ofits simple structure a pidgin is easier to learn than other languagcs_ By providing a means of communication in a community. it fac抽tates tbe integration* of newcomers who would have a much more dificult time larning a standard Europcan language_ Tinaly. mdgins rc a reahty whosc cxistcpce is pot bject to dkbate。 Tbcr re dozeps of dgins. many of which show no signs of dying out Since tey arisc sponiapeously wherever people need to talk. pidgins probably represcnt the primative communication system out of which our more respected modern languages dcveloped。 This fact alonc makes them wel orth our attenton aped tom umeaer rax 3 cawos pe 23rの4 ne Os Se tee Dame e Leezaet ras ea PT ーッー

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Contemporary sociology Senior High

丸で囲んだ所の団体の違いが分からないので教えてください。

Oz クン SSSa SS 5 もあるが, 行き過ぎると全 時6 和信加はどのように牙治 0 K( る本もあ げき過 と全体の利符がそこなわれかねない。 Oswacea 計5 1 且還二議やでは、 さまざまな集田が政治的な江動 てみょう。 N をする。特定の業界などが, 自分たちの利益を 2 攻治に反映させるためにつくる利益集団(中団体)はその一つであり. | Yのとさ外でも。 日0に、 また地域をこえて 政治家和政機 関に働きかける。 従来, 日本では利交集団が。 その業界にかかわる特 定信や下家(いわゆる族議員と宙接な陣作を保って滞動しでき た。 利基集団の影響はさわめて大きいが,団に属さない一般の gi 人々の利益が無視されやすいことや, さらにば 應敗の温床になり ii やすいといった周題が指聞されている。 護団体のように, より広い人々の利益に SW いるロビイストがいる。下和 だ代表じいない間題にがかわる押加 日本でも特 中のだかで 特定の 症人営利導重合進法 (いわゆる NPO浅) し, 今後はさまざまな 分質に策通し。到寄決定に大 署力をもつ。 いう 中動やボランティ ア団作といった民間人営利租織 (NPO | が政治 てなと 人 Nero Organizato uuくKEKモトKトvユトしる 名称をつけてよばれる。

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