ページ3:

The Third Person Singular
•He swims.
In old/middle English,
all verbs were changed
with the subject.
Omit verb conjugations.
by using the subject.
V
I swim
You swim
He swims
We swim
You swim
They swim
Emphasizing it
would be easier to
understand.
That's why
it remains in a mininal
conjugated form.
like European
leg) Spanish:
Yo nado
Tú nadas
El nada
Nosotros nadamos
Vosotros nadais
Ellos
nadan
You have to know
many conjugations
for one verb.
However, subjects
can be omitted.
KOKIYO (OOS-TEAMT Smile

ページ4:

Be Verb
and Verb
He does not like cats.
He is in bed.
He sleeps in bed.
Does he like cats?
expressing
the scene.
expressing
the action.
<<negative/question sentence)
In the past,)
He is no tired.
He is tired?
(Now)
He is not tired.
Is he
Is he tired?
in Modem English)
They do come here today
weak
Sound
Cdo
+(verb)
= Verb
difficult
used as noun.
to hear
The third person singular
(In the past)
They do not come here today..
Do they come here today?
(in Mordern English)
•He dos like cats.
2
•He does like cats.<
↓
He likes cats
"e" added to make the pronunciation.
closer to "do"
omit "does", remain"s"
↑
(now)

ページ5:

Date
「
Question Word "SWIH]
"What do you want?
"Who did you meet there?
Where does he go?
"When is your birthday?
I
"Why are you so busy?
" Whichs girl is your doughter?
whose pen is this?
whom is this book about?
J
"How can we buy this tickets?
•Who runs the fastest?
• What happened?
(used as the subject)
I don't know where he
↓
goes.
Put a question
Word at the
beginning of a
question sentence.
Word order like an
affirmative sentence.
(X where does he go?)
Question word in
a sentence
It
an affirmative sentence.
KOKUYO LOOSE-LEAF /-8836BT 0mm x 36 ins

ページ6:

Why only how has initial with H?
(other question words are Wh.)
Old English
hwat
hwo
Middle English
what
who
So,
Switch!
"h" is not pronunced in Latin
(difficult to prounce the "hw" words)
Proto-Germanic
Old English
Middle English
hwū
hū
→ how
Spell out
[hu]
[hu] → [u] → [hau]
changed with the time...
Date
KOKUYO LOOSE-LEAF -S8368T 6 mm ruled 36 lines

ページ7:

Imperative Form
You Open the window.
You Don't open the window.
Sis omitted because it is clear
who
you
are talking to.
You
Zo
Vis in the original form because
Speaking in the original form of the
verb makes the imperative sentence
Stronger.
Imperative Form
=
すぐ来る!!
〔さっさとやる!
It is common
in many languages
(even in animal
languages
The most fundamental
form of language
KOKUYO LOOSP-LEAF -58360T 6mm ruled 36 ans

ページ8:

O S V
2 S V C
Basic 5 (Word Order)
lok!!
He ate an apple.
okay...
An apple ate he.
③ S V O
No word order,
Ate he an apple.
No life
④SVIO DO
⑤ S V O C
That's why
it's hard to
understand
the word
order for us.
Word order?
Don't care.
We have
postpositions!
6
~12
~70111
~を
~に
etc...
1/2 11/02/12/e
11/01 2/2/2
・彼は食べたリンゴを
リンゴを食べた。彼は
・食べた。彼はリンゴを
04/04741
It can be understood
in any
word order.
KOKUYO LOOSE LEAF -$838BT 6mm ruled x 36 in

ページ9:

OSV.
Subject
@ S V C
Verb
Complement.
eg) I go
(s) (v)
eg) I am a student.
(s) (v)
↑
=
(C)
③ S V O
object.
So, you can switch,
(s) and (c). still
(A student is me.) understandable.
eg) I meet her.
(S) (v) (0)
I want a car.
(S) (v)
(0)
eg) I give her a ring.
(S) (V) (10) (DO)
④ S V IO DO.
Direct
Indirect Object.
Object.
C
In English, IO is more important
C
C
Switch!
than DO.
(important word first)
Want to make DO more important?
I give a ring to her.
(S) (v) (PO) (IO)
Put preposition between DO and ID as a marker
that these have been switched.
=
KOKUYO LOOSE-LEAF -S836ET 6 mm ruled x36 lines

ページ10:

Preposition
5+01
With verbs
"
or for ?
With verbs
which
which you can not
You can
do without a partner.
on your own.
eg) give, show, Tell, send... eg) cook, buy, get, make....
⑤ SVOC
(is)
named my cat Ume.
(V)
(0) (c)
I named my cat. + My cat is Ume.
(s) (v)
(0)
(s) (V) (C)
(will be)
eg) I want to make my wife happy
(s)
(V)
'(0)
(c)
I want to make my wife + My wife will be happy.
(v)
(0)
(S)
(V) (CJ
(c)
KOKUYO LOOSE-LEAF -S83687 6mm ruled x 36 lines

ページ11:

ra/ and
This is a pen..
I eat an apple every morning.
cat / apple
not used that much
"Indefinite article]
from Old English to Modern English.
how to use:
(has been in use since about the 18th
century.)
a/an + Singular form of countable nouns
axan + Uncountable nouns
+ The only thing in this world,
axan
Meaning of "a/an,
①One of many in this world
P
0
(whatever; anything you like)
Please pick a pen.
•I saw a cat.
②"One whole
"
•I ate an apple.
I ate a pork wwww
I ate a slice of pork se
Reeg) water..
eg). Mt. Fuji
r. Sports Name
Person
KOKUYO LOOSE-LEAT -636BT 8mm ruled x36 kines

ページ12:

Fa] or "and?
ras
• an apple
an orange
a university
a unique idea.
an FBI officer.
an + words that pronunciation begins with a vowel.
Ta, e, i, o, us
「
apple
depl
-orange
Grindy
university
junǝvairsǝti
·unique
juznick
FBI
ef biai
KOKUYO LOOSE LEAF 8388T 6 mm ruled x 30 inas

ページ13:

the J
[the] = every one knows
Do
you
know the ruins in Egypt?
71
Pyramid
00
use the when most of people.
can recognize
it
the Nile
• Is the story true?
「
"the = natural thing
• Open the door. use the when it is
easy
to understand which door to open.
(no need to point fingers)
↑
I that s
(point at a
at a finger)
•That is my favorite cup..
When used by
pointing a finger
at the object
Can
you pass me that book?

ページ14:

<Preposition>
changing into
the objective
Case.
Continuations
VS
Tperiod/Term]
•Preposition?
eg) in, on, with, for...
↑
Put them before the object (noun)
in + the park
on + the table
With me (I→ me)
for him (he him)
I bought a ring for her.
(00)
• Until vs By
(10)
→I slept until afternoon.
→ I leave home by 7. am.
• To
vs Toward
L
pinpoint
I go to Tokyo.
VS
Tuncertains
> I go toward Tokyo..o(
•Below vs Under
may be
-Yokohama ?
-Chiba?
Saitama?
There is a cat under the table.
under
below.
There is a cat below the table.

ページ15:

848
880
a
• Between vs Among
This is the secret between
you
and me.
This is the secret
among my classmates.
•From
Your opinion is different from mine.
implying He is absent from school.
Faways
About
Let's talk about this book.
implying
There are about 20 people.
[around]
walk about ~
come about ~

ページ16:

<No commas after conjunctions >
Conjunctions?
The words that connect sentences
e.g).
S+V (+A)
「
[clause 1
I didn't know that he went out.
Sentence
sentence
Conjunction
°
J
Nor, after conjunctions
adverb
eg).
X and, she left here.
O and she left here.
x but, I went to see him..
O but I went to see him.
exception
O Therefore, this is right.
O However, this will not be right.

ページ17:

Location of the conjunction
e.g).
O If
you want,
I will give you this book.
emphasized.
I will give you this book (,) if you want.
When I came home, my mother was sleeping.
0 My mother was sleeping (,) when I came home.
•While vs During
- while +
で
(conjunc=
Conjunction
Sentence (S+V(+α))
-During + noun.
Preposition.
e.g)
I went to SKYTREE while I stayed in Tokyo.
S
V
I went to SKYTREE during my stay in Tokyo
noun.

ページ18:

<Adjective = explain nouns >
eg). a cute and lovely cat
Adjectives describe what
the cat looks like.
•How to use adjectives
be verb + adjectives
eg).
will be
He is
was
a brave man.
adjectives need
be verbs to compensate
for tense
Verbs can change tenses on their own.

ページ19:

<Adverb = explain verbs. >
Adverb
eg). He plays the guitar well.
(adv.)
"Add + verb.
Adj.+ ly
↓
Adverb.
good
(Adj.)
(Ad;)
He is a good guitarist.
eg). He runs fast.
(adv.)
He is a fast runner.
(adj)\\\
eg). This light is bright.
This light shines brightly.
eg). Come here.
hot noun.
(adv.)
Do
Thus, no preposition
needed.
you go to home after this?
(adv)
He wants to study in abroad..
eg). I went to Tokyo.
preposition + noun
(adv.)
11
"
houn
→
adverb