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Immunopathology:
The Mechanics of Defense and Disease
Two Lines of Defense:
Innate vs. Adaptive
Innate Immunity:
The Immediate Shield
Non-specific first response
from birth, acts within
minutes to hours. Utilizes
macrophages and
neutrophils, no memory.
Antigen-
Presenting
Cells (APCS)
Specialized cells (e.g.,
Dendritic cells)
bridge systems by
captoring and
"reporting" pathogens.
The 4 Types of Hypersensitivity
Type I: Immediate
Hypersensitivity
Ig6-mediated; rapid allergic,
asthma, anaphylaxis reactions.
Type II: Cytotoxic
Reaction
Antibody-dependent; targets/
destroys specific cells (e.g.,
drug-induced blood disorders).
Adaptive
Immunity:
The Specialized
Force
Highly specific
response developing
memory (7-14 days).
Involves B cells
(humoral/antibodies)
and T cells (cellular) for
future encounters.
DA
Type III: Immune
Complex Disease
Antibody-antigen complexes
deposit, causing localized/systemic
inflammation and damage.
Type IV: Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity
T-cell mediated; takes days
(e.g., SJS skin peeling), caused
by drugs like Allopurinol.
IgG: Most abundant in serum; long-term protection.
IgM: First antibody in initial response.
Antibody
Roles in
Response
IgA:
Essential mucosal immunity (gut/respiratory).
IgE:
Triggers allergic reactions and defenses
against parasites.
IgD: Primarily B cell receptor.
Inflammation and Autoimmunity
The 4 Cardinal Signs
of Inflammation
Pain, swelling, redness,
and heat, driven by
cytokines/prostaglandins.
Chronic Inflammatory
Diseases:
Persistent, peorly regulated
inflammation (e.g., Rheumatoid
Arthritis, IBD).
Autoimmunity:
Friendly Fire
Immune system loses self-telerance
and attacks body's own tissues
(e.g., Type 1 Diabetes).
Immunodeficiency and the AIDS Crisis
Primary vs.
Secondary
Deficiency
TA
Primary Deficiency
Routed in genetic
defects from birth.
CD4
Secondary Deficiency
Acquired through
infection (HIV), melnutrition,
or medical treatment.
CD4
HIV Pathogenesis:
Targeting the CD4 Cell
Virus seloctively destroys CD4+
T cells (Immune coordinators),
leading to vulnerability.
Progression to AIDS
As CD4 counts drop and viral load
increases, patient enters "Crisis"
phase: opportunistic infections
and death.
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