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TOEIC・英語 大学生・専門学校生・社会人

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3. Answer the following questions. 1 What is the difference between UNIX and Linux? 2 3 4 Choose one of the words in italics in the text. What is the definition of the word you have chosen? What are the three levels of a Linux system? What are the two main functions of the kernel? [Reading Text] UNIX was initially developed by researchers at Bell Labs in the 1970s. Today, UNIX and its variants are widely used mainly on servers. By far, the most well- known UNIX-like operating system is Linux. Linux is available in different distributions which include the Linux kernel and different collections of software. These distributions have various user interfaces, many experienced users preferring the command-line interface, or shell. Linux distributions include a range of software including text editors. memory. While the mechanics of Linux and other Unix operating systems are complicated, the components of a Linux system can be grouped into three levels. The lowest level is the hardware, such as Central Processing Unit (CPU) and The next level is the kernel. It enables communication between hardware and software, by providing instructions to the CPU and other hardware. The programs that are running on the system, or processes, make up the top level known as the user space. Processes in user space generally only have access to a restricted amount of memory and operations, this is called user mode. The kernel runs in kernel mode which allows it unrestricted access to hardware resources. The kernel provides functions such as process management and memory management. A computer only has limited Random Access Memory (RAM) and processor cores. Process management allows the system to run multiple programs (processes) at the same time even if the CPU can only execute only a few processes at a time. Memory management allows applications to share the system's memory while avoiding potential issues such as memory leak. Included with the kernel are device drivers that provide an interface for applications to communicate with hardware, such as hard drives. System calls allow user processes to access features that are executed at kernel mode, for example creating new processes.

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英語 高校生

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1. 次の英文を読んで (1) ~ (5) の問いに答えなさい。 Have you ever dreamed of traveling in space? I have thought of going into space as an astronaut so many times. Traveling beyond the earth is always a great dream and hope for humanity. But as everyone knows, it is not easy to be an astronaut. There are many people who want to try to get into space flight programs all around the world. So first, you have to pass extremely difficult selection processes to even participate in the training and testing used to prepare potential astronauts for operating in and living F ) in space. The training itself is so hard that it is very difficult (A) complete. ( those that pass the training, only a few can actually experience the trip into space. Every time I see the news about the manned space flights on TV, it does sound like something impossible for a regular person like me. (G ), there was a recent event that really surprised me in September 2021. They 2completed said that ("Crew Dragon" 3the 3 day-mission 5called) the spacecraft successfully. As a surprise, this mission was an "All- Civilian" flight. The four people in the Crew Dragon were not professional astronauts from other space agency programs. A billionaire booked the Crew Dragon capsule last year and picked three normal people to ride (B) him. It was the VERY first totally private mission to orbit. The stories of how the people had been chosen and how the trip succeeded were not only amazing but also very heart warming. Watching this news reminded me (C) the excellent idea about Space elevators. This is a promising scientific technology that could take us into space much more (K) in the future. ( H ) JSEA (Japan Space Elevator Association), the concept of a Space elevator would make reaching orbit in space easier and faster (D) using Centrifugal force and Earth's gravity instead of rockets. Engineers estimate it requires a cable that is about 100,000km long and more than 100 times as strong as steel. So of course, it sounds like a challenging development. Also, the space elevator would require much less energy to lift cargo and people into orbit and be significantly more eco-friendly. As they continue to work on advancing technology, the space elevator may become a reality (E) we know it. With the space elevator, traveling into space would no longer be an impossible dream for us, ordinary people. Just talking about it, I get totally excited and can't help hoping to experience the situation of looking down on the earth from the space one day. (E)に入る前置詞として適切なものを①から⑤か (1) 本文中の(A) らそれぞれ選びなさい。 Dwith 2to 3before 4 by 5 of P.1

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