教えてほしいです！！お願いします！！

問題は【1】~【4】まである。答えは各問題の指示に従って別紙の解答用紙に書きなさい。 【1】次の英文を読んで設問に答えなさい。 Headaches are a big problem. Each year, millions of people suffer from severe headaches that affect their enjoyment of life, (1) not to mention their productivity at work. estimate, headaches cost individuals and businesses more than (2) $50 billion each year! (3) This is one of the reasons research into headaches has become a worldwide effort. Although he did not know much about how headaches work, Hippocrates was the first doctor to find a way to treat them. By 400 BC, Hippocrates had discovered that the *bark from willow trees was useful in treating pain. He made a white powder from the tree's bark and gave it to his patients. Hippocrates did not know it, but he was actually prescribing a natural chemical in willow bark called salicin. Whena person eats salicin, the chemical is changed inside his or her body into (4) salicylic acid. It turns out that salicylic acid is good for stopping pain, including headache pain, but it is bad for a person's stomach. In the 1800s, a chemist in Germany slightly changed easier for people to take. commonly known as aspirin. Aspirin was used throughout most of the 1900s to treat headaches, but doctors had little idea about what really caused headaches. When doctors can *diagnose the cause of a disease, they can find better ways to treat it. Therefore, as medical technology developed, doctors began to use it to learn more about the human brain and about headaches. In fact, according to one m to make it This new form of the chemical was called acetylsalicylic acid, now acid's Now doctors classify headaches ( A ) two general types: primary and secondary. A primary headache is a condition ( B) as only the headache itself. one caused by another physiological condition, such as an *infection or a *tumor. For primary headaches, doctors have determined three possible causes. headache is caused by stress. characteristically felt on both sides of the head as a dull, steady pain. Another kind of primary headache is the *migraine headache. Exactly what causes these headaches is not well understood, but many experts believe it could be abnormal brain activity causing changes in the brain's chemistry and blood flow. For many people, migraines are caused by certain (5) stimuli, such as poor sleep or particular foods or smells. A sufferer usually feels intense pain on one side of the head and becomes sensitive to light and noise. If the migraine is severe, the sufferer may *vomit repeatedly. The third kind of primary headache is known as the cluster headache. Cluster headaches typically occur around the same time each day for weeks or months at a time. The person ( C)from this kind of headache usually feels pain on one side of her or his head, and the pain is centered around one of the eyes. Doctors do not know much (6) at present about cluster headaches, but they seem to be more common among men and could be related to alcohol or other things that affect a person's blood flow. Using computers and more advanced medical equipment, doctors continue to learn more about what happens in the brain before and during headaches. Especially in the case of migraines, some doctors believe they have found the part of the brain that sets off the reaction for severe attacks. With these insights into brain processes, doctors hope new ways will be discovered to stop headaches before they begin. On the other hand, a secondary headache is One kind of primary Doctors usually call these tension headaches, and they are 注: bark 樹皮 diagnose ~を診断する、~を突き止める 感染症·伝染病 migraine (headache) 偏頭痛 infection tumor 腫場 vomit 食べたものを吐く (出典:READING FOR THE REAL WORLD 3rd edition, Compass Publishing より)

赤で囲ってるpeopleは何を指すのですか？

A Warka Tower uses Onatural processes to ®provide[people with 100 liters of clean water every day. ワルカタワーはの_自然の適程 を利用して,毎日 100 リットルのきれいな水を③_代格します。

和訳の確認をしてほしいです！ お願いします🙇‍♂️🙇‍♀️

TR3T Humans usually breathe from sixteen to twenty times each minute. If you analyzed 01 the air you breathe, you would find it is a mixture of different gases. Most of it is *nitrogen about four-fifths. One-fifth is oxygen. There is also a tiny amount of carbon dioxide, a little "water vapor (which gives air its humidity), and some "traces of 05 what are called "rare gases. If you were to put a bag over your nose and mouth to catch the air you breathe out, i図 you would find (1)Some strange changes. There would still be the same amount of nitrogen. There would also be the same traces of rare gases. But there would be much less oxygen and a hundred times more carbon dioxide than in the air you breathe in. 10 There would also be considerably more water vapor. TR33 ,What happens is that each time you breathe, an exchange takes place. You keep Some oxygen; you breathe out much more carbon dioxide and water vapor than you breathed in. 、The reason is that every moment of the day and night your body is using up energy. Your heart uses up energy as it beats. Your muscles use up energy. So 15 does your brain, and so does every other part of you. All this energy is produced by the work of the millions and millions of cells that make up your body. Every one of these cells needs Oxygen in order to do its work. As the cells use up oxygen, they form carbon dioxide, which is a “waste product. So your body carries out these two processes at the same time. You breathe in the m3 20 OXygen that cells need to produce energy. You breathe out the carbon dioxide that is harmful. It sounds so simple. Yet your life depends on these processes happening dav and night without interruption.

RHEED法の原理と得られる7つの情報が、この英文に書かれているみたいなのですが、よく分かりません。 分かる方助けてください！🙇‍♂️

INTRODUCTION Reection high-energy electron diHiraction (RHEED) uses a Rnely collimated electron beam with energy of 10-100 keV. The beam irradiates a sample surface with gazing incidence to obtain forward scattered difraction patterms. RHEED enables us to analyze structures of crystal surfaces at atomic levels and also to in situ monitor growth processes of thin films (mo、1988: Ichimiya and Cohen、2004: Peng et al.. 2011). From the arrangement。intensity and profile of the dilraction spots in RHEED patterns as described below in detail、 one can obtain various kinds of information: (1) the periodicity (unit cells) in atomic arrangements. (2) flat- ness of surfaces. (3) sizes of grains/domains of surface structures and microcrystals grown on the surface. (3) epitaxial relation between the grown flms/islands with respect to the substrate. (5) parameters character- izing structural phase transitions. (6) individual atomic positions in the unit cells. and (7) growth styles of thin films and numbers of atomic layers grown. The most important advantages of the method are that it is quite easy to install the RHEED apparatus in Yarious types of vacuum chambers without interfering with other components of apparatuses and to do real- time monitoring during thin-Rlm growths. Because of these advantages.RHEED is nowwidelyusednotonlyin research Iabs of surfaces and thin fims. but also in device production processes in industry Low-energy electron diiraction (LEED、see article Low-ENNERcy ErecroN DirscmoN)。 in which an electron beam of 10-100 eV in energy is irradiated onto a sample surface with nearly normal incidence to obtain back- scattered difraction patterns. is also widely used to analyze the atomic structures of crystal surfaces. Since one has to make the sample face directly to the LEED

2文目の和訳を教えてください。

iSic is used for medical purposes, such as in the treatment of diseases which affect iory。 The secret lies in the way the brain procesSes music. An old song can ind you of something that happened Years ago. For patients suffering from diSeases like *A1zheimer's, listening to music can help unlock buried memories by strengthening musical *pathways to those memories. (上WAMhdimers (disease) アルッハイマー痢 pathvway (神経の)経

問3の解答範囲を教えてください！

次の共文を読んで, 下の問いに日本語で答えなさい。 Jreams can be familiar and strange, fantastical or boring. No one knows for certain why people eam bt some dreams might be connected to the mental processes that help ns leari トー atudy seientists found a connection betveen nap-time drea md better memory in people jearming a new Skill で 56 Perhaps one way to leam something new is to practice, practice practico 一 and then sleep Q j (Wamming: This research still doesmt provide an excuse for falling asleep during class.) <T ras starUed by this Rnding" Robert Stickgold told Scieuce eos He is a cognitive neuroScient 時 Earvard Medical School who worked on the study Neuroscience is the study of how the nn jous Systen work。 and GOgnitive studies look at how Deople learm andl reason. So-a_cogNiHe /9 neuroseien study the brain processes that help Deople leamW the study-69 colege 6 between the ages Of 18 and 30/each spent an hour on a computem iryig 6O get through a yirt > The maze was dificul and the study Darticipants had to start 明different place each time they tried 一 making itleven ore difficult They were alsG told_to finda particular picbure of a tree and remember where i WS. for the 6rst 90 minutes of a ftve.hour break。 haif of the participants stayed awake and half were 19 Oake ashort nap. Participants who stayed awakc、wrere askedbto describe their though Participants who took a nap were asked about their dreanNs・ Siekeold and his colleagues wanted to know about NREM, or non-REM sleep。 RPM stands fi pi eye movement” witch is what happens during REM sleep. This period of sleep often br 明range dreams to a sleepe although deams can heppen in both modes of sleep SHickgold wanted jow what people were dreaming about when their eyes werent moving, during NREM sleep、 er studies seientists had found a connection beveen NREM brain activity and leamtng abihty還 rats and in people. OurlOEithe 50 people who slept said ther dreams were connected to the mmaze. Some dream 92D6nt the musie that had been playing when they were workingi others said they dreamed abc seeing people in the maze. When these four people tried the computer maze again, they were able 恩 fid the tree faster than before their naps. SGCkoMi snggests the drean itself doeavt help a person leam 一 iPs the otier yav around- 3 6883 ha 1h6 dal was causedl by the braint processes associated] with_learning 96 JA four of the people who dreamed about the task had done DooHy the frst tme, which Stickgold wonder 下 the NREM dreams ShoW up When a person fnds a new task particularly diffio ple who had other dreams, or people who didmt take a naD, didnt show the same improvement. (Adapted from Stephen Omes, "Dreaming Makes Perlect"in Sciuce Aeus.pr fy May 12.201 ze 迷路 訳しなさい。 ょ を行ったかを、休計点を合め、80生以内で玉べなさ 0 を人導において失放されたことを, 旬読点を合