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20 Unit 1 - History - Gutenberg is famous for inventing printing, but he didn't really invent it. He invented a better way of printing. [2] For hundreds of years people used blocks of wood* to print. They used a knife to cut words backward in the block of wood. Then they covered the block with ink and pressed it onto paper. When they pulled the paper from the inky blocks, the words appeared on the 金属 5 paper in the right direction. In Korea and China, people printed with metal type* instead of 右向き wood. (2)Either way, printing was difficult and very slow. It took several years to make one copy of a book. [3] Books were very expensive and rare. Only ( 3a ) people could buy them, and ( 3b ) 10 people could not read. But, as ( 3c -) people learned to read, books became more popular. So people wanted to find a quicker, better and less expensive way to print books. One of these people was Johannes Gutenberg. opsugas.l Y tinU 9003 iinil 4 Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, around 1400. He was good at working with metal, but probably had no idea how people printed in China. His idea was to make a piece Clarey operan 15 of metal type for each letter of the alphabet and use the letters (4)over and over. (5)He could put the type together to make words and arrange words to make pages. With ink on the type, he could press paper on them to print a page. A "printing press" machine could make hundreds of copies of a single page quickly. After that page, he could rearrange the same letters to make other words and print other pages. LISSH Si nou 5 It took Gutenberg a long time to make the type for each letter of the alphabet. When he finished the type, he didn't have enough money to make the printing press. He borrowed money from a man named Johann Fust. After many years, Gutenberg's printing press was Legione ready. Gutenberg printed his first book, the Bible, around 1455. 6 There are only twenty-one complete copies of the original Bible. They are some of the 25 most expensive books in the world. In 1987, part of a Gutenberg Bible sold for $5.3 million. 7 Today people remember Johannes Gutenberg. The city of Mainz has a statue of him and a museum. His original printing press is in the museum. (6)They print several pages a day to show that it is in good condition. earoviaU 012mu 394 words/#IN block of wood: type: vrigsypola 01 sind 7 an Oupside down & 下線部 (6) を日本 7. 本文の内容に合わ Many people & Gutenberg g Gutenberg Olt was a long Though Gu cost a lot of Hannes Rotest

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Past Tense, Past Progressive (2) Warm Up! (1) ( に入れるのに正しくないものを1つ選んでください。(b) Warm Up He began to practice karate only ( ). 1. recently 2. two weeks earlier 3. these days 4. one week ago Part 2: Grammar Section 《解説と解答》 「彼はつい最近 (2週間早く; 先週) 空手の練習を始めた」 という意味ですから、 3. these days のみが、 過去形の動詞と共に使えない表現です。 these days は 「このごろ (最近)」 という意味で すが、 現在形 現在進行形や現在完了形とともに用います。 Warm Up! (2) ( に入れるのに最適な表現を1つ選んでください。 John didn't want to see me because he () his lunch. 1. once had 2. was having 3. has 4. took 《解説と解答》 「ジョンは昼食中だったので、私に会いたがらなかった」 という意味ですから、 ジョンが私に会い たがらなかった理由を完成させます。 私に会いたがらなかった時に進行していた動作が「昼食を取る」 ことですから 2. was having の過去進行形にするのが適切です。 なお、 have lunch の have は 「食 べる (eat) 」 の意味ですから、この意味の場合haveは進行形で用いることができます。 Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks in these sentences with one of the choices below. 3. A pine tree (a) stands 1. While Cindy. (a) was playing (b) is playing (c) played her violin yesterday, two of her strings broke. (d) has played up late the night before to 2. My paper was due yesterday, so I complete it. (a) stayed (b) stood (b) would stay (c) stay (d) am staying at the gate, and a girl was standing in its shade. (d) standing (c) was standing 4. The car wasn't here yesterday because Jane takes the bus, but the drivers were on strike. (a) uses (b) is using (c) has used 5. One of the boys (a) fall (b) falls 6. When the door bell rang, I (a) take (b) am taking 7. Mr. Brown (a) leave (b) is leaving (d) was using in the river, but I dived in and saved him. (c) were falling (d) fell a shower. (c) was taking the office only a minute ago. (c) was leaving 8. During the last earthquake books (a) fall it. She generally (b) are falling (c) had been falling (d) taking (d) left from the shelf. (d) fell Unit 4 Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks in the passage below with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. The first one is done for you. Mark (live) lives in Japan. His family (come) five years ago, when his father (start) Osaka. At that time Mark was still only 10 years old, and he (do) not want to leave America. But now, he (have) Osaka, and he likes living there. During the last summer vacation, Mark (go) United States with his parents. They (visit) Washington D.C., and Boston, and (enjoy) They also (go) Mark's grandparents. His grandparents (be) see Mark. One evening, as they (eat) the telephone (ring) Mark and his parents (talk) over one hour. Now Mark is back in Osaka. He (want) his grandparents again. He is (plan). America by himself next time. to Japan his own business in many friends in back to the New York, seeing the sights. to a small town in Connecticut to (see) very happy to a big chocolate cake, It was Mark's aunt in California. with her one after another for to (visit) to go to

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Radio Host: durlar aind Roger Ali: Radio Host: Roger Ali: Radio Host: Roger Ali: Radio Host: Roger Ali: Roger Ali: Radio Host: Roger Ali: Radio Host: Welcome back. As I mentioned before the break, Roger Ali is with us today to talk about artificial intelligence. Thank you for being here, Dr. Ali. Thank you for having me. I'll be honest with you. When I hear the words "artificial intelligence," the first thing I think of is the character HAL from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. ch tud goons bad Radio Host:ome In other words, the search engine draws conclusions about what we're looking for on the Internet. Roger Ali: Sure. Many people remember HAL. In the movie, he's the computer that controls the systems of a spacecraft. He also speaks with the people on the spacecraft. And he's not very happy when the people decide to turn off the computer. In the movie, HAL becomes very dangerous. That's right, but fortunately, artificial intelligence in the real world isn't like HAL. Well, that's good! Can you tell us what is happening in the field of AI? Many interesting things. For example, when we search for something on the Internet, the search results that we see are chosen carefully. The search engine has learned which websites are the most popular, the most reliable, and so on. This prevents us from seeing a lot of websites we're not really interested in. Tosa Right, so it only shows us the information it thinks we want to see, which includes go advertisements as well. We usually see only ads for products that the computer thinks we might want to buy. You said, "It thinks," but is the search engine really thinking? IST That depends on your definition of thinking. The search engine is capable of learning machine learning-and it does have knowledge. Knowledge about the Internet. Are learning and knowledge part of your definition of thinking? They're part of it, but human beings are capable of so much more. We have our senses hearing, smell, sight, touch, taste-and our emotions. We notice a lot about the world, and we use our judgment to make decisions. That's true, and most computer scientists know that we can't replace human beings with computers. We don't intend to make robots for every kind of job, either. That's just not practical.

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(10) I (lay/lied ) on my balh won 700lt erl 2 例にならって下線部の誤りを訂正し、文全体を書き直しましょう。 (1) My father always keep my promise. (1) One of my classmates are from Osaka. (2) The sun rise from the east. (3) I do not study hard when I was young. (5) Do the babies sleeping well now? My father always keeps his promise. U #JIMÉSJAJU OR (4) We sat on the bank of the river and talk about our future. (7) I took a bath when the doorbell rang. gia in 2 woa) wou quinistar al u (6) Where were your grandparents live in those days? maaib aid garyoins sow 8) Americans are shaking hand when they meet for the first time. 4 日本語 (1) ジ M (2) (3

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(10) I (lay/lied ) on my balh won 700lt erl 2 例にならって下線部の誤りを訂正し、文全体を書き直しましょう。 (1) My father always keep my promise. (1) One of my classmates are from Osaka. (2) The sun rise from the east. (3) I do not study hard when I was young. (5) Do the babies sleeping well now? My father always keeps his promise. U #JIMÉSJAJU OR (4) We sat on the bank of the river and talk about our future. (7) I took a bath when the doorbell rang. gia in 2 woa) wou quinistar al u (6) Where were your grandparents live in those days? maaib aid garyoins sow 8) Americans are shaking hand when they meet for the first time. 4 日本語 (1) ジ M (2) (3

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She an sharp active life before she horrible pain a lived ☺ live has two first suffered years ago. has lived Ⓒhad lived 9

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Progress test (Part 1) Drag the words into the correct spaces. some of few 1/2 some a few enough neither lots of both little every each no information about attractions in the city. There are Coming to London for a weekend? Here's interesting places to visit - you won't have time to see them all. Firstly, visit to London would be complete without seeing Big Ben. The clock at the Houses of Parliament has become a symbol of London, but few✔ tourists know that Big Ben is actually the name of the bell, not day, so arrive early. the clock or the clock tower. On the opposite side of the river is the London Eye, the world's biggest observation wheel. holding 25 people, but there are still queues nearly There are 32 sections, If you'd like somewhere scientific, you could go to the Natural History Museum or the Science Museum. Entry to of these appeal to you, you may prefer Madame Tussaud's, the museum where is free. Or, if you can meet the world's most famous people made of wax. You could meet the Queen of England there, or you could hope to see her at Buckingham Palace, her London home, just the most valuable jewels in the world. stops away on the London Underground 'Tube' train. If you want to see more royal palaces, try the Tower of London, where you can see the Crown Jewels, If that isn't for one trip, why not go to Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, a reconstruction of the 1599 theatre extra money, you can even see a play there. where his plays were performed. If you have a

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1.Ⅰ bought/books/ not / in the bookstore / have ] yet. 私はまだその書店で本を買ってはいません。 mplete the sentences. FactA 2. [ you / an art exhibition / ever/ have / to / been ]? あなたはこれまで美術の展覧会に行ったことがありますか。 3. No one [ been / since / there / last year / has ]. そこには昨年から誰もいません。 4. [ lived / for / has / another town / my uncle / in ] three years. 私の叔父は3年間、別の町に住んでいます。 2 Fill in the blanks and complete the sentences. Fact B Fact CFact D 1. We ( ))( 彼が戻るまで3年間, 私たちは一度もお互いに会ったことがありませんでした。 2. He didn't know about the café because he( opened. お店が開店する前に彼は町を離れたので, そのカフェについて知りませんでした。 ) each other for three years before he returned. )( ) the town ( 3.We( ) around the town since this morning. 私たちは今朝からずっと町を歩きまわっています。 )( )( 4. The tour guests ()( )( ) at the farm by noon tomorrow. ツアー客は明日の正午までには農園に到着しているでしょう。 The brass band contest the hall. Our school's brass band The members finally came in first in the contest. ) it Grammar in Context 3 Change the words in the brackets to the appropriate form and complete the sentences. HW Japipo! My homeroom teacher is Mr. Suzuki. He [ be J a chemistry teacher at our school for five years. He I play the piano since he was a little boy. He ®[ hold ] concerts together with his friends several times before. When I heard their wonderful performance at their concert, I realized that they [ practice ] very hard for that day. 4 Complete the sentences based on the Japanese ones. A Great Day when I ② at the contest until last year. together until that day. And then, they 晴れ舞台 私がホールに着いたとき、すでに吹奏楽コンクールは始まっていました。 我が校のブラスバンドは昨年ま で一度もそのコンクールに優勝した(win) ことがありませんでした。部員たちは、その日までずっと一緒に頑張っ て(work hard) きました。 そして、彼らはついにコンクールで一位になったのです。

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Exercises A) Dialog Expansion 日本文に合うように、( )内に単語を入れなさい。 1. 経理課の佐藤誠と申します。 新人です。 よろしくお願いします。 Pleased to meet you. I'm Makoto Sato in the ( I'm ( ) here. 2. お話の途中で申し訳ありませんが、今おっしゃったことについて質問させていただいても よろしいでしょうか。 Excuse me ( ) department. ) interrupting you, but may I ask a question about ) you have just said? 3. もっと具体的に、そしていくつか例をあげていただけますか。 Will you ( a few ( ) explain it more concretely? And could you give me )? First Day at Work 13

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C) Usage be used to/get used to の使い方 be used to get used to にはいろいろな使い方があります。状況を考え、日本文に合うように ( 内に適当な一語を入れなさい。 a) be used to ~ing 「~することに慣れている」 1. 私はイギリス人なので、左側運転には慣れているが、妻はアメリカ人なので､慣れてい I am British, so I ( But as my wife is American, she ( ) driving on the left. ) to it. 2. 弟は大学を卒業して就職したが､毎朝今までよりずっと早く起きなくてはならない。 早起きに慣れてないので、大変だ。 My brother has gotten a new ( before. He finds it ( ) used ( ( shift and ( ) up so early. ) university. He has to get up much ( ) because he isn't ( ) not ( ) since graduating b) get (become) used to ~ ing 「~することに慣れる｣ 3. 妹は看護婦で、昨年から夜勤を始めました。 最初、慣れてなかったので不安な感じが しましたが､しばらくすると慣れて来て、 今では全く気になりません。 My sister is a nurse. She started working ( ), she ( ) not ( ) uneasy. But aftera ( ) used to it. Now she doesn't mind it at ) to the ( ) than ) to ) last year. At ) to being on the night ). she 4. 私たちの新しいアパートは高速道路に近いが、そのうち騒音に慣れるだろうと思っている。 Our new apartment is ( ) the freeway. I ( ) we will ) ( ★ [used to] 過去の習慣で「よくしたものだ」とか、過去の状態で 「〜だった」という意味です。 また That castle was used as a prison 「あの城は刑務所として使われていた」という場合、 use は受身として使用されています。 Chatterbox 日本では履歴書に必ず書かなければならないことも、英文では必要ない場合があります。 例えば、生年月日、配偶者、家族、性別、身長、体重、宗教などを問うことはアメリカで は違反とされています。 また、写真の添付も人種差別になるということで、法律的に禁止 されています。 しかし、イギリスやヨーロッパは日本と類似した履歴書を要求します。 First Day at Work 15