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4 20 科学 420 words Chapter 1 The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last year, when 1-1 geneticists* published the near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about whether we could bring this giant creature back to life. 5 東京理科大学 Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome* sequence that exists only in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to try it, predicts Stephan Schuster, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State University and a driving force behind the mammoth genome project. So besides the mammoth, what other extinct beasts might we bring back to life? Well, 12 10 it is only going to be possible with creatures for which we can recover a complete genome Without one, there is no chance. And usually when a creature dies, the (1) - DNA in any flesh left untouched is soon destroyed as it is attacked by sunshine and bacteria. sequence. There are, however, some circumstances in which DNA can be preserved. If your 15 specimen froze to death in an icy wasteland such as Siberia, or died in a dark cave or a really dry region, for instance, then the probability of finding some intact stretches of DNA is much higher. Even in ideal conditions, though, no genetic information is likely to survive more than a million years. - so dinosaurs are out and only much younger remains are likely to yield good-quality DNA. "It's really only worth studying specimens that are less than 100,000 years old," says Schuster. The genomes of several extinct species besides the mammoth are already being sequenced, but turning these into living creatures will not be easy. "It's hard to say that something will never ever be possible," says Svante Pääbo of the Max Planck Institute 25 for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, "but it would require technologies so far removed from what we currently have that I cannot imagine how it would be done." But then (3) 50 years ago, who would have believed we would now be able to read the instructions for making humans, fix inherited diseases, clone mammals and be close to creating artificial life? Assuming that we will develop the necessary technology, we have 30 selected ten extinct creatures that might one day be resurrected. Our choice is based not just on practicality, but also on each animal's "charisma" - just how exciting the prospect of resurrecting these animals is. 1-3

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Omoiyari is said to be a key concept of the Japanese mentality. (Its primary meaning is the ability to imagine other people's feelings. Japanese people's good manners have often (2) been associated with it and reported in news articles. For example, Japanese soccer supporters cleaned up the stadium after the matches at the World Cup, actions that were praised by the foreign media. Some experts say the supporters' behavior is related to education in Japan, where children clean their classrooms every day. Another example was seen during the frequent natural disasters. Even in such situations, many people still kept calm and patiently waited in lines for emergency supplies. JANET [ 3-1 ] According to a survey by an organization to promote good manners in Tokyo, less than 30 percent of Tokyo residents think people in Tokyo have good manners. [ 3-□ ] For example, Tokyo residents notice bad manners on the train. (4)Some young people sit in priority seats and do not give sit (5). V₂ 1 up their seats to the elderly, and others put on makeup. [ 3-> ] In an effort to get the passengers to 52 act more (5), railway companies display posters, saying things such as, "Please line up and c wait your turn" or "Please switch your phone to silent mode while ( 6-a) the train." 5 [ 3-= ] Omoiyari is often seen in school mottoes and emphasized in moral education at school. Some of the values that students are ( 6-b) include respecting the elderly, helping those with disabilities, and keeping promises. Students also take turns (6-c) in charge of cleaning the classroom, serving lunch, taking care of plants and animals. In addition, volunteer clubs collect money for charitable organizations and members visit elderly people in nursing homes. In moral education class, students read stories and discuss the topics in them. The teacher facilitates the discussion and the students draw their own conclusions. (Nakaya, et al., Discuss the Changing World, Seibido)

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次の英文を読み、以下の問いに答えなさい。 Cow. Chicken. Grass. Which two are in the same group? Your answer depends on where you were born and raised. T fedt af gnofed For a long time, *research psychologists have had an idea that East Asians and Westerners think about the world in different ways. There was not enough scientific *evidence to support this idea until recently. In the past 15 years, however, researchers have learned a lot about different thinking styles and the cultural differences that produce them. The story begins in 1972, when *Liang-Hwang Chiu, a professor of *educational psychology at *Indiana University, tested more than 200 Chinese and 300 American children. He showed some cards to each child. Each card had pictures of three things. One card, for example, showed a cow, a chicken, and grass. Chiu asked the children to say which two things were in the same group. Most of the American children picked the chicken and cow. They explained the reason by saying that "both are animals." Most of the Chinese children, however, put the cow and grass together because "cows eat grass." solib - People didn't think Chiu's study was very important in the years after its *publication because $*psychological scientists at that time paid little attention to cultural differences. In the 1990s, however, *cross-cultural psychology became 2"hot" and Chiu's findings were paid attention to again. 3 Researchers at the University of Michigan did Chiu's study again by testing college students from China, Taiwan, and the United States. Without using pictures, the researchers gave the students with and asked them to say which two three words shampoo, hair, and conditioner, for example 20 were in the same group. The Americans were more likely than the Chinese to say that shampoo and conditioner go together because they're both hair care goods. The Chinese were more likely to say that shampoo and hair go together because "shampoo washes and cleans hair." Why do East Asians and Westerners think differently? Most researchers believe the answer can be Taplapo 77 Step A Step B Step C

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☐ 11. It ( ) you good. 2 lay バ 9. You look so tired. A week in Hawaii will ( 1 do 2 feel 3 make 4 turn 10. Joe's brave action ( ) him his life. 1 cost 2 missed 3 happened 4 killed ) light about 8 minutes to go from the sun to the earth. brings 2 needs 3 requires 4 takes 12. They ( ) me 10,000 yen for repairing my bicycle. priced 2 cost 3 spent 4 charged 13. I've already paid back what I () him. 1 received (2 lent 3 counted 4 owed 14. Global food prices have ( 1 raised ) sharply due to high biofuel demand. 3 risen 2 arisen 4 been arisen 15. My little brother ( ) down for a nap after a big lunch. 4 lied 3 lays 1 laid 9. 動詞の語法 ②

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22 ~ing? の形で用いられることも多い.neganiyoreasthysingel acigalogs anie] O discussed 2 lay 3 told 4 watching 5 miss 6 mind A 次の各文の空所に入る最も適当なものを1つずつ選びなさい. 1. ) it from the library. It is not necessary to buy the book because you can ( 1 borrow 2 rent 3 lend 4 loan 2. The storm was () our town. odliw bisnis) slange of 1 approaching 2 coming 3 arriving (東亜大 4 getting 3. George was () to a position of greater responsibility. 1 arose 2 raised 3 raising 4 risen

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C 13 28 INDICES (Chapter 2) These examples can be generalised to the following index laws: If the bases a and b are both positive, and the indices m and n are integers, then: am xan = am+n am an = am-n (am)n = amn (ab)n = anfn a n an (7) ª = bn aº = 1, a 0 1 a-n = an = | To multiply numbers with the same base, keep the base and add the indices. To divide numbers with the same base, keep the base and subtract the indices. When raising a power to a power, keep the base and multiply the indices. The power of a product is the product of the powers. The power of a quotient is the quotient of the powers. Any non-zero number raised to the power of zero is 1. 1 and in particular a-1 Example & Hio

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りはありません。 ⑨ I was born and raised in London. 10 We were surprised at the news. ⓘ My brother was injured in a skiing accident. ◎感情を表す動詞を使った受動態 : be surprised (驚く), be pleased ( excited (わくわくする) また受動態で使われる ん。 ain 日本語の「される｣ と一致しない 感情を表す動詞0-2 by以外の前置詞 0-

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2 する _-) 16 A B 動詞 ・ 述部に関する問題 ② ② 別冊解答 p.22~2 選択 FEAR 空所に入るもっとも適切な語(句) を選びなさい。 問題 ) his position as an ALT at the beginning of the next 1 Mr. Richard ( month. has started has been started (宮崎大) 4 will be started 3 started ) athletes 2 Mental training, such as visualization and meditation, ( over the years. 2 has been practiced by has practiced ( 慶應義塾大) 4 has been practice among 3 has been practicing 3 A: What are you going to do tomorrow? B: There's nothing particular I need to do, so I ( 1 may 3 must ) just stay at home. (北海学園大) 4 couldn't 2 can't ). (追手門学院大) A: I'm thinking about going to Hawaii during Golden Week. B: You should make a reservation ( 1 quickly as possibly as you can 3 as possibly quickly as you can 2 quickly as possibly as 4 as quickly as possible 5 The secretary had her salary ( 1 raise 2 raised ) twice a year. risen 4 rose (藤女子大) the traffic rules, but so many of them 6 All drivers are expected to ( run red lights. 1 look 2 observe (3) see 4 watch (秋田県立大) 7 After he joined the travel agency, he worked hard to improve his English in order to carry ( ) his duties more effectively. 1 away 2 back 3 off out (センター) 8 Eric's friends, Minoru and Sachiko, will be here at seven this evening. He ( ) doing his homework by then. 1 has been finished 2 has finished 3 will have finished 4 would finish (センター) 動詞述部に関する問題 ② 第4回 1 学習日 第4回 年

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B本文の内容に合うように,空所(1)~(7)にa~g から適当な語を選んで入れなさい。 We are too ( ) to apply to others cold criticism, and (2 ) to give our fellows warm praise. But history is full of striking examples of the power of praise. Enrico Caruso was working in a factory in Naples. He wanted to be a singer, but his first teacher( 3 ) him. His mother, however, ( 4 ) him and told him she knew he could sing. Her( 5c) changed the boy's life. He became a great *判) opera singer. A young man in London wanted to be a writer. Stories he wrote were( 6 ) by publishers, but finally one was accepted. One( 7b) praised him and gave him recognition. That changed his whole life. His name was Charles Dickens. a. discouraged b. editor , encouragement d. praised e. ready \refused g. reluctant Check Uhe Skills! A 1. Scanning (具体例を探す。) 3. Scanning(同義語を検索する。) 4. Phrase Reading(構文に注意して意味のまとまりをつかむ。) 5.文のつながり(文脈から理由を読みとる。) B 整理·要約(内容を整理する。) 2.文のつながり(代用表現の指示内容を読みとる.) 13

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図 Grammar Points )内の動詞を過去形か過去進行形か過去完了形にしなさい。 (各2点) )内の動詞を現在形か現在進行形か現在完了形にしなさい。 11.~3.は( 4.~5.は( 1.「いつものこ と」 1. My grandmother (read) the newspaper every day. 2.「今だけのこ と」 2. Don't take the newspaper away. I (read). 3.「出て行って、 今いない」 B: No, she (go). 3. A: Is Jennifer here? 4.「(過去のある 時に)~してい た」 4. When I (hear) the knock, I (go) to the door and (open) it. 5. saw, knew よりも「以前の 時」。 5. As soon as I saw her, I knew that I (meet) her before. wens last TEIG 2( )内の動詞を wil ~か未来進行形か未来完了形にしなさい。(各2点) 1. He went out half an hour ago, but he (be) back soon. 2.「(未来のある 時に)~してい るでしょう」 2. The sun (shine) when we reach the top of the mountain. 3.「(未来のある 時までに)~し てしまっている でしょう」 3. If you don't hurry, the shops (close) before you get there. Writing )内の語句を並べかえなさい。4.は日本語を英語で表現しなさい。(各3点 1. When they got to the airport, ( had already/ plane / their / off/ taken). 31.~3.は( 2. I started writing this book six months ago. By the end of this week, ( 200 pago I/written / have / will ). 3. In a few months those girls ( work / will / or / either working / be / looking 101 " 4.昼食のとき雨が降っていたし, 今もまだ降っています。 雨はまだやんでいません。 The rain hasn't stopped ye *still 「今もまだ」 CAN-DO 6 A 簡単な語句やさまざまな時制を用いて短い文を書くことができる。 リスト