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TOEIC・英語 大学生・専門学校生・社会人

下線部(1)の文構造が分かりません。特に2行目の文構造が分かりません。強調のdoであることは分かりますが、その後のthat以降が関係詞?かすらも分からないので、誰か教えて下さい!

次の英文は1991年に出版された本からのもので、 研究分野としての「人工知 能」 (Artificial Intelligence) について述べています。 下線部(1)~(3)を日本語に訳 しなさい。 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Just about the only characterization of Al that would meet with universal acceptance is that it involves trying to make machines do tasks which are normally seen as requiring intelligence. There are countless refinements of this characterization: what sort of machines we want to consider; how we decide what tasks require intelligence and so on. One of the most important questions concerns the reasons why we want to make machines do such tasks. AI has always been split between people who want to make machines do tasks that require intelligence because they want more useful machines, and people who want to do it because they see it as a way of exploring how humans do such tasks. We will call the two approaches the engineering approach and the cognitive-science respectively. (2) (1) approach The techniques required for the two approaches are not always very different. For many of the tasks that engineering AI wants solutions to, the only systems we know about that can perform them are humans), so that, at least initially, the obvious way to design solutions is to try to mimic what we know about humans. For many of the tasks that cognitive-science Al wants solutions to, the evidence on how humans do them is too hard to interpret to enable us to construct computational models, so the only approach is to try to design solutions from scratch" and then see how well they fit what we know about humans. The main visible difference between the two approaches is in (3) their criteria for success; an engineer would be delighted to have create something that outperformed a person; a cognitive scientist would regard it as a failure. -1- M7 (492-61

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生物 大学生・専門学校生・社会人

至急お願いいたします🚨 生物の質問です。 ミトコンドリアの経路についての説明だと思うのですが、電子オーバーフローモデルと電子分布モデルの違いを教えていただきたいです。 また、どういう仕組みなのか、何故このように電子が流れるのかも教えていただきたいです。 UQ poolはユ... 続きを読む

(A) Electron overflow model (considered out-of-date) Alt UQ pool Alternative oxidase inactive. Alt No alternative pathway activity Cytochrome pathway unsaturated Cyt (B) Electron distribution model (reflects current thinking) UQ pool Cyt Alternative pathway active Cytochrome pathway saturated Alt Alternative oxidase active Alt UQ pool Cyt Cyt Figure 14.33 Two models for regulation of electron flow through the alternative oxidase. (A) In the electron overflow model, no appreciable electron transfer through the alternative pathway takes place until electron flow through the cytochrome pathway is at or near satu- ration. This could result from the effects of respirato- ry control, if the rate of mitochondrial ATP produc- tion exceeds its rate of utilization in the cytosol, or from some externally imposed stress, such as low temperature. Under such circumstances, the UQ pool becomes sufficiently reduced to allow electrons to flow through the alternative oxidase, the latter re- quiring that the UQ pool be 40% to 60% reduced to attain significant activity. (B) In the electron distribu- tion model, the alternative and cytochrome path- ways both show significant activity at low levels of UQ pool reduction, and electrons are distributed be- tween the two pathways on the basis of the relative activities of each pathway. The activity of the alter- native oxidase under these circumstances is thought to be regulated by the action of a-keto acids and by reduction/oxidation of the intermolecular disulfide bond, as well as by additional regulatory mecha- nisms not yet characterized.

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