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Biology Senior High

生物の食物連鎖とかの問題だと思うんですけど誰かわかる方いますか??? 英語すみません💦

hhmi Biolnteractive Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Species Mean Leaf Area per Plant Over 18 Months without beetle with beetle Leaf Area per Plant (cm²) Control Ecology 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Experimental 0 T 2 www.BioInteractive.org 8 10 12 14 16 Months After Start of Experiment 4 6 Refer to the figure to answer questions 12 through 17. 12. For both the plots with the beetles added and the control plots, state the mean tree leaf area per plot that the scientists recorded after running the experiment for 18 months. The mean tree leaf area per plot that the Scientist recorded after running the experiment for 18 months wit the beetles added is 1.7m², S 2.2m² 13. Compare the trends in mean tree leaf area per plot for both the plots with the beetles added and the control plots over the 18 months of the experiment. The area of the control plat for thinoceros beetles has d has increased at a nearly constant rate, the other is a gradua decrease at first, then a sudden decrease, and finally a dradua 18 Figure 2. Mean leaf area per tree. Initial measurements were taken before (0 to 2 months) and after (7 to 18 months) beetles were added to 40 of 80 plants. The light gray round markers represent measurements taken of the control plots, to which beetles were not added. The black square markers represent measurements taken of the experimental plots, to which beetles were added. Measurements were made on all leaves to calculate the mean leaf area per plant. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. 14. Draw two diagrams that show the food chains for both the experimental and control plots. Include increase. interactions among predatory beetles (if present), ants, caterpillars, and piper plants. Revised January 2018 Page 4 of 5

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Biology Senior High

問3についてです。浸透圧は公式でもとまるはずなのに、なぜ等張の濃度をもとにするのですか?

次の文章を読み、 問1~問4に答えよ。 たとえば、水の中に1滴のインクを垂らすと インクの粒子は濃度の高い方から低い方に移 動し,やがて水全体が色づく。このように、粒子が均一に分布するように散らばっていく現象 を1 移動することを2 という。膜はその透過性によって3と4に分類できる。濃度 の異なる溶液が 3 を介して接した場合、濃度の低い方から高い方に溶媒 (水) が移動する。 移動する水の量は溶液の濃度差(=浸透圧の差)が大きいほど多くなる。 2つの溶液が3 を介して接したときに、互いに浸透圧の等しい溶液を等張液より浸透圧の5 溶液を低 張液より浸透圧の 6 溶液を高張液という。 (a) 植物細胞の場合,その浸透圧は細胞質と細胞壁の状態 を目安にすることができるが,細胞壁をもたない単細胞 (b) 生物や動物細胞の場合、同様の方法で浸透圧を測定するこ とは不可能である。 動物細胞のうち、赤血球であれば次に 示すような遠心分離機を用いた実験から浸透圧を推定する ことが可能である。 なお, 遠心分離機とは, 液体試料を高 速で回転させ, 遠心力によって液体中の粒子を沈降させる 装置であり, 血液をある条件で遠心分離すると血液中の有 形成分が図1のように沈降する。 ここでは, 遠心分離後の 赤血球層 白血球層. 血小板層中の血しょう (血漿)の体 積は無視できるものとする。 実験 手順① さまざまな濃度の食塩水を準備しておく。 手順② 血液を採取し, 毛細管 (ガラス製の細い管) に入れたものを多数準備する。 手順③ 毛細管を遠心分離機で12,000回転/分の速さで5分間回転させ、赤血球層の高さを読 み取る。 手順④ 毛細管から血しょうを除去し、手順①で準備した食塩水のうちの1つを入れ、血球と よく混ぜてしばらく放置する。 手順⑤ 再び毛細管を遠心分離機で12,000回転/分の速さで5分間回転させ、赤血球層の高さ を読み取る。 膜を介して濃度の異なる溶液が接した場合に,膜を通過して物質が という。また, 毛細管 遠心分離 図 1 ←血しょう 血小板 ←白血球 ←赤血球

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Biology Senior High

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Test II PROBLEM SOLVING Directions: Answer the question and show your complete solution in the separate paper. 1. Suppose the cells lining of your cheeks can completely di vide every 24 hours. Assuming no cells die in the process, how many cheek cells will be there after 7 days if you started with 5 cheek cells? 2. If an organism has 15 pairs of homologous chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after telophase of mitosis? Test I. Complete the concept in mitosis has the Cell division Purpose of which have occurs in through (10. condeneed which Includes or noncondensed which include 5。 温 a loop of DNA which Includes (in order) which form sister 9. during 12. (13. 14. which is followed by 15. which Is followed by (16. which includes (in order). 17. 19. >(20. What's New In meiosis the cell goes through similar stages in mitosis and uses similar strategies to organize and separate chromosomes. However, the cell has a more complex task in meiosis. It still needs to separate sister chromatids (the two halves of a duplicated chromosome), as in mitosis. But it must also separate homologous chromosomes, the similar but non-identical chromosome pairs an organism receives from its two parents. These goals are accomplished in meiosis using a two-step division process. Homologue pairs separate during a first round of cell division, called meiosis I. Sister chromatids separate during a second round, called meiosis III. Since cell division occurs twice during meiosis, one starting cell can produce four gametes (eggs or sperm). In each round of division, cells go through four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Stages of Meiosis I In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated into two cells such that there is one chromosome (consisting of

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