英語
1 次の英文を読み. 下記の設問に答えなさい。
One of the great debates in Western civilization is whether humans are born cooperative and helpful
and society later “corrupts them (eg Rousseau), or whether they are born selfsh and unhelpful and
society teaches them better (e.g., Hobbes). As with all great debates, both arguments undoubtedly have
some truth on their side. Here 1 defend a thesis that mainly sides with Rousseau's take on things, but
which adds some critical complexities. T will call this thesis。 "3n deference to two of this books
contributors, the Early Spelke, Later Dweck hypothesis. Specially,Twill argue and present evidence that
from around their frst birthdays 一 when they first begin to walk and talk and become truly cultural
beings 一 human children are already cooperative and helpful in many, though obyiously not all,
situations. And they do not learn this from adults:itcomes naturally. (Thatis the Spelke part.) But later
in "ontogeny, children'e relatively "indiscriminate cooperativeness becomes modied by such influences
as their judgments of likely *'reciprocity and their concern for how others in the group judge them, which
are involved in the evolution of human's natural cooperativeness in the frst place. And gey begin to
1earm many culturally specific social norms for how we do things, how one ought to do things if one isto
be a member of this group. (That is Dweck part)
U出上 Tomasehor MihacL Carol Dweck。 Joan Sik_ Brian Skrmsand Ehzabeth S_ Spelke。 Why We Cooperare。 etcerpt nom pages
4. (9 2009 Miaswechuwetes Institute or'Twhnolomsr by permissisn oFThe AITT Peas]
注: Weorrupt 「ーを限章きせる」 "33m deferenoe to 「一に著意を払って」 “Jontogeny 「個人の発信遂程」
indiacriminate「分け剛てのない」 Preciprodity 「お古いの助け合い
間1 下線部(1)の論争とはどのような立場の間の論争なのか 本文に従って日本語で答えなさい。
立場1 |
立場2 |
問2 筆者は. 誰の意見を最も明確に支持することを表明しているのか。
その人物名を本文中から抜き出し. 解答欄に書きなさい。
間3 eyが何を指すのかを明らかにし, 下線部 2) を日本語に訳しなさい。
HI 次の英文を読み. 下記の設問に日本語で答えなさい。
1magine being able to sleep with one eye open, and half your brain awake. Recent research confirme
that dolphins and whales do 一a phenomenon known as 。,unihemispheric slee.
Researchers theorize that some animals have developed this ability to help them detect approaching
predators or to periodically rise to the surface to breathe and monitor wave patterns, which keeps them
from dmowning.
While humans do not practice unihemispheric sleep, it is "iconceivable that particular regions of the
human brain stay awake while others sleep, or that the intensity of sleep may vary across difierent brain
regions, says Niels C. Rattenborg, PhD, of the University of Wisconsin, who has studied a similar
phenomenon in birds。
The fnding is important, he says because it shows that at least in some animals, "sleep and
akefulness can be independently controlled within different regions of the brain according to changing
ecological demands"
【出内 : Ballie, R 2001.Animal aleep studies oHfer hope for humanw: A genetic link for narcolepsy。 sleeping with one eye open and fear
onditioning are all investigated in animal research. Retrieved from http2wwwraporgmonitoroct01/animalslecp_aspx (一痢必要)]
注: *1conceivable「 (一ということがり考えられる」
間1 下線部 unihemispheric sleep とはどのような降りかを本文に従って説明しなさい。
間2 なぜイルカやヤクジラがunihemispheric sleep を行うのかについての仮説を本文を読んで2つ挙げなさい。
仮説1
仮説2
問3 下線部 The fnding is important と述べているが、なぜそう なのかを本文に従って説明しなさい。
ーー
