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P.39
~
Lesson3
Reading
① A long-standing debate was addressed, if not entirely settled,
S
V
★もし~なら
長年にわたる議論が
交わされた
○たとえ完全には解決されないとしても
国際天文台連合(IAU)が最新の基準を公表したとき
www
When the International Astronomical Union (IAU) issued updated criteria
Ⅰ for classifuring an object as a planet] Lin August 2006〕.
ある物体を「惑星」として分類するための
② [Acording to the new guidelines],
新しいガイドラインによると
2006年8月に
a plant (1) must be an object that orbits the Sun],
www
S
Vi
惑星は
先行詞
物体でなければならない
関係代名詞
太陽の周りを回る
(2) must have sufficient mass to retain a stable round
0
V2
shapel,
十分な質量がなければならない
安定して円形を保つために
land (3) must have "cleared its neighborhood"
V3
0
「周辺を一掃」していなければならない
そして
which is to say]
つまり
[that] it has pulled all objects found along its orbit [into
S'
V'
its own gravitational zonel
すべての物体を引っ張り込む 軌道に沿って見られる
その動圏に
Cassity Aas B
AをBに分類する
Nakabayash

ページ4:

Date
A planet must not share
Space
with other objects ]
www
V
0
先行詞↑
惑星は
共有してはいけない空間を
他の物体と
I that revolve around the Sun independently〕.
関係代名詞
太陽の周りを独立して回っている

ページ5:

P. 42
Lesson 4
Reading
① Despite being rooteal in the artistic trends of its eral,
根差しているにもかかわらず当時の芸術的流行に
the sculpture of Louise Nevelson is timelessly striking.
S
C
V
ルイーズ・ネヴェルソンの彫刻は
時代を超えて印象を放つ
Nevelson's signature technique was to appropriate found objects
V
C
ネヴェルソンの特徴的な技法は
拾得した物を用いることだった
Ichiefly wood scraps],
先行詞
主に木の廃材で
{many of which had literally been thrown away on the Street] -
関係代名詞
その多くは文字通り路上に捨てられていた
and to give them a new life [in art].
C
そして芸術として新しい命をそれらに与えること
☆ to appropriate
~
~ 並列関係
ダッシュにはさまれた部分はfound Objectsを説明してる
and to give
be rooted in ~
~に根差している
throw away
~
~を捨てる

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She arranged them in wooden boxes]
S
0
先行詞
彼女はそれらを配置した
木製の箱の中に
〔that were then put together in sizable new shapes, or "assemblages, 〕
先行詞
関係代名詞
それから組み立てられた
大きな新しい形、すなわち「アッサンブラージュ」に
〔which she spray-painted black or silverI
関係代名詞
彼女はそれらを黒や銀色にスプレーで塗装した
④ Many of her works〕 were installations that occupied entire rooms.
S
✓ 先行詞C
関係代名詞
彼女の作品の多くは
設置品だった
部屋全体を占有する

ページ7:

R45~
Lesson 4
Reading
①I Despite ther large populations) crous are
・Lamorg the most chifficult birds
S
✓
to study.
多くの個体数にもかかわらず
カラスは~である研究するのが最も困難な鳥の1つ
☆ despite 「~にもかかわらず、前置詞
among 「~の間の」
among the 最上級+複数名詞=one of the 最上級+複数名詞
「最も~な1つ/1」
② They are unusually] adept at auiding people〕,
adept at ~
S
V
C
~が巧みな
カラスは非常に巧みである
人間を避けるのが
Lincluding experienced researchers〕,
経験を積んだ研究者を含めて
and are [notoriously difficult to capture and tag for
V
そして難しいことで知られている
C
monitoring in the wild].
捕獲して目印をつけること
野生における監視のために
☆ including
「~を含めて」 →前置詞
→
③ Thus, amite their intelligence has long been recognized by scientists)
V) (has been recognized)
S'
したがって、彼らの知能が科学者によって昔から知られている一方
its dimensions have not been systematically mapped out.
✓ (have been mapped out)
その知能の特質が系統的に詳述されることはなかった
S
map out~
☆ while 「~だが一方」→副詞節を作る
~をはっきりと描く
Nakabayashi

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④ (Recently〕, some progress has been mode.
S
V
最近
いくつかの進展が見られてきた
⑤ Researchers 〔Studying tool use among crousIlin New Zealand〕
S
研究者たちがカラスの間の道具の使用を調査しているニュージーランドで
have compiled a growing mass of svidence
V
0
収集している ますます多くの証拠を
Ithat some crows are more advanced in their use of tools
S
V
比較級 ↑
より進んでいるカラスもいる
道具の使用について
Than primates such as chimpanzees)
than+比較の対象
チンパンジーなどの霊長類よりも
V
○先行詞 that live in tree hollows〕
これらのカラスは昆虫を食べる 関係代名詞
long belived to be the most intelligent animals next to humans).
~であると長い間信じられていた最も知能が高い動物
⑥ These crows eat insects.
S
人間に次いで
木の空洞に住む
<theretored, they need a way
I to fish them outl.
S
V
0
したがって
これらのカラスは手段を必要とする
昆虫を釣り出す
☆セミコロンには接続詞と同様に「文と文をつなぐ」役割がある
fish out ~
~を釣り出す
Nakabayashi

ページ9:

Date
④ The crows {Studied Icut long pieces 〔from stiff but flexible leaves)
O
S
✓
調査されたカラスは長い破片を切り取った
堅いがしなやかな葉から
[to use as digging and hooking tools).
つついて引っかける道具として使うために
☆ Studied the crows を修飾
形容詞 but 形容詞+名詞

ページ10:

Lesson
Reading
The Bridges of the Inca Empire
11 The Inca Empire lasted for several hundred years) [until the
middle of the sixteenth Centry), (leaving behind,
分詞構文
system of
m
hope bridges) that testified to unusual resourcefulness in
engineering At its height, it stretched lover two million
Square Kilometers up and down the west Coast of South Americals
(covering parts of modern-day Chile, Peru, and Argentina).
分詞構文
③It consisted of many varied groups of people), beach with its
Oun language, ethnicity, and traditions).
独竕分詞構文
These groups of
people often I lived in remote areas), separated from each other
分詞構文
(by not only long distances but also forbidding mountains,
Valleys, and other land forms) [that
並列関係
were extremely challenging
to cross
Even so the empire was united by both its government
たとえそうであっても
and its religious practices), (which required people to be able
to travel to large ceremonial assemblies. This led to
the certain of an elaborate network of roads] [to link its
diverse provinces

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Date
In order to allow travelers on foot or
horseback
pass
Over Steep valleys), the road network incorporated bridges.
Each bridges was made of stout main cables (of grass]
woven and twisted together for added
grassを修飾
massive stone anchors at each end.
was also fashioned from grass), plaited
並列関係
strength, strung between
was made of を修飾
The
floor [of the bridge
together and reinforced (with
tree branches! Then it was hung from the main cables] [by
a bow of vertical hanger Cablesh, Feach of which bore only
a portion of the weight! The result was a forerunner of
the modern suspension bridge) [made of steel] A newly-built
bridge tended to be taut; however, lover time), the weight of
foot traffic and the structure itself! would invariably cause
the middle to sag noticeably), (after (which the bridge would
sway when crossed! This design was perfect for allowing
travelers to pass over short distances), (such as that above
a deep valley with sharp slopes on either side!
a short distance

ページ12:

Date
The Inca people used a complex system [of public service]
www
↑
(called mitato provide for the upkeep of the bridges]
Mita was mandatory [for all citizens of the empire] [on
an annual basis as
as a
duty to their govemment Local
peasants (in each district. where a bridge was located were
t
assigned the task of maintaing it), (primarily by replacing
its cables! The grasses [lused] deteriorated [quickly Sunder
wear and exposure to the elements; yearly replacement
tear and
並列関係
was an important measure to ensure
safety for those (people)
Using the bridge
省略