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自然科學

考研—化學所【有機化學】

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從高三考大學到現在要考化學所，新開了一個筆記，會定期更新新的內容！

2025.09.28 公開

化學所考研有機化學有機命名

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ページ1:

Chol 基本观念
Core electrons
①14. Z MA Cr: [Ar] 4 5 3ds
Cu: [Ar]45'3d
Mo: [Kr] 55'4d5
:
Pd [kr]4d"
Core electrons
Chel 654fs do
Pt: [Xe] 65'4f5d". An
價e
:
Lonization AA + + e.
TE,
(在(g)下) A → A²+ + e
LE₂
electron affinity: A+ e → A¯, EA (OH --EA <0)
Electronegativity (Pauling & 212) Re-FAEP.
---
H
13.0~4.0
2.1 IIA
2.0~2.9
Li Be
1.5~1.9
1.0 1.5
Na Mg
<1.5
0.9 1.2 B IVB VB VIB VIB
VB
A IVA VA VIA VIA
B C N 。 F
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Al Si P S Cl
IBB 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
0.7 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.2
小
K
EX: Ti (22). Mn (29) / Co (27).
metal & EN K
/Zv (40), Rh (45), Au179)
LAS Ti ZrMn Co < Rh < Au
<
D yes Ti < Mn < Co < Zr < Rh - Au
Au<Rh<r<Co< Mn <Iix
(D) Zr <TiMn Co <Rh < An
Tr>Zr. Rh Mn. Co.
>
-实蹶键能
AB DAB - (DAA + DBB)/2
=
(△ABbond的实驗键能,平均键能之卷)
XA-XB = 0.20850AB
JEN
-
EN (AB) Kek + bond.
Fem. Fee.T
"Ans A metal k
②厄后向下的元素,EN↑
Ma
*化学键子部分电荷:EN大f+f+EN小
cd Hft B-CA N-of- c-sf-
BH AI-C s-of c-1f-
AH Li-CC-of
Lif-Hf Mg-C SF-0
Na-H² Cu-c Cl-of-
Ca-H P-C
ENEN (C)
•End
EN
→
energyt
#议:平均键能大小同原子分子→r,分子組成 →△EN大 → bond Energy 大
B SAJ Nz <Pz (B) (=C > S₁ = Si (y) H-0 x C-LX (- N ≤ (-0
大引力小
EN
vrk
DENK
ENK

ページ2:

Cho.2 基本結構
℗ Formal charge F.C₁ = {e=*` - (shared) -lpé
等元素常見simature:
|
B
-C- N
/ \
|
=B- =c< =Ñ— =%
=C- =N:
=C=
b最佳structure: FC=0(中性)、生八隅体
Ex:
N₂CO
=
"
不满八隅体
N₁
N
HNO₂ H-ON-Ö
=N=C-N=0
爆炸 structure.
H Non -0°-N-Ö-H :-010-
.0
"
"
N.
60%
H
0=C=0
"
+
Oxidation state:
H"
H
stable
+1
H
3-1
-e-co]
H
-H
H
H
CC=C²=H"
H+H.O
H
H
-3
H-C
"CH"
OH
+2e-
te-CRI
H+
∴水合反应
"
==
=0=
CR] ==
=S - S = 0 = 5-s₂e & tv same
4-5-51
"S=S e EN same
EN O> Se
12
-0
EN Oste
F.C.ze-
115+5
11544
"0"
5113
41554
H
3/15
"C1 "H₂L" "CH","
H-C-H
02
b fra En cb-005
-2e-
H
-e-[0]
H"
H
FOH
H
-OH₁
"H"
"OH"
+e-
TR] Co]
12e-CR
=0
-H"
"2/1/2"
水合
CH*
H+
[R]
+e-
- BH₂
"Hi
-H41
te-
H
02
-2e-
CO]
-OH
H
+H"
Hei

ページ3:

Resonance.
(1) Major 以八隅体为主要貢獻者.
((2) 阴电性最高 atom优先选負形式电荷
minor
"EN: 07C
major
Major
minor
(3)相鄰atom有同十、一的FC应捨棄
F-NF
N
15) stable, F.C 513 stable 1: 5 1 4 stability)
"0"
major
EX: LO.H
H₂N-C-H
EN: 0>N
- NH₂ but F.C ) 13
∴FC分佈少>EN排序
minor
acid
中和反应
HN-C-H
base
ī
非共振
|
R
R
Amino acid
OCH 3
OCH3
OCH₂
Major
li - IN=
Major
minor
Major
(6)共振系統愈長,共根式愈多愈缺e, acid
HO
Ho-
MI
阴电性愈,愈avid
Hot why not (5 "EN: O'C
HO OH
←
=0
「酸性最強 H+
OH
EX: O✓
心
HBr
Br
-0-
H+
I
Br
*
Ex:
H
0 of
=0=
e
HU
H+
H*
Major
OH
OH
+
no octect
OH
✓
OH
OH L
OH
H+
2
-H+
Ex:
·0.
(B)
NR
TR
LAT
R
(A):立体障礙
E₂
(85
Br
H
有共振結構
←
←

ページ4:

cho.3 化学键Thm.
①混成軌域
②分子軌域
: AO
2 SP
A-
3 Sp
4 sp³
EX:
*
+
Q-0
←
A =
A=
Osp
SP
Osp³
11 Sp²
-
dipole moment (u) = r xq "μd, 539 031 7 ↑ (bpt
EN TEEN
(3)CO 低报性抵,
EN 070 消 ©
03791153
键長 电量
(2)↓,排斥力大,M↓
mp↓
HL TO C
070207
(电)
M-1.51
M= 1.5
M=1.16
M=0
田(氧化力)
0 退力大易斷
(CH3)2-C=O极性分子HL,传
x: Options:
D
H₂L
(A) CH>CF C₁₂ > CFН>сс₁>сс₁₂
(BYCH > CF H>CF C₁₂ > CCI > CC₁₂H
(C) CF C₁₂ > CFH2> CC₁₂H₂ > CH₁ = CCI
高板性
'; CH4. CL14
109°
• H-
(D) CF₂H₂ > CC₁₂H2> CF₂C₁₂ > CH₁ = CCI
H
^
EN: F>LI
M: C-F > L-4
(E) CF C₁₂ > CFH2>CCI > CC₁₂H2> CH
M=0
00
88
(A) CO₂ 0=L=0 M=O
下列分子何者極性最大?
B (B)CH CHO
(C)CH
(D) CH CI
(B) H₂L-4-H HIL-1+H
0
(c) H₁L-CH₁₂ MO
- TRA
(D) HLI
bp ↑
支链↑(不規則性高),空間排列緊密 mp个
instantaneous dipole induced dipole 5311,588152
non-polar close
47777
[non-polar]
H-bond H-F.N.O
I
Temporary dipole
H-bond 3A
1
H-F.N.O H* (pka ≤20)
共價键(化) 靜電吸引力(物)
0
pka =20
pka-14
pha=38 H bond 3
H20
NH₂
bp=56°C
<
bp=100
bp=-33°C
分子量大but 沒H-bond
intermolecular H-bond
bp.溶解度↑
intramolecular H-bond T
bp.溶解度↓,酸性↓
0
0
`'H...
05ubatom H-F. N.O $$ 5318 H-bond

ページ5:

43131):
CO₂H
COOH
HOC CO₂H H₂O
HO.C
Hool
OH
(trans-) Fumaric acid
maleic acid cis-
malic acid
mp=287°c. pkai = 3.03 == 0.63g/ml_mp=135°C. pkai = 1.9 == 0.19 g/me
0
·H..
20.
...0
·H.
#maleic acid > fumaric acid
1310 H-bond imp. bp: fumaric acid maleic acid
H+
O-HO ka₁H 451 H-bond
A maleic acid fumaric acid.
7
* Hbond DHF > H₂O, but bp: H₂O > HF (19.9°C)
H
0
`H.
H
並非H2O的氫键强於HF,而是水的氫鍵結構网狀,
需破坏4 H-bond; HF氫鍵太强形成鋸齒狀氫键
12H-bond bp H₂O > HF
:
H-
>H
(3) X-HY-H
H H
>
X的EN↑,H-Y的强度↑
T. HY distance ↓, X-H distance ↑ (113)
X-H的HatomP+去屏蔽
(4) X - H... Y - Z LES X cause x. \ PER – 6 R R F Overhauser F↑ cause NMR 13
15) H-bond GE >

ページ6:

Cho.4 酸鹼学说:
①Arrhenius:在水中可生成
→
base+acid + H2O
kw= [H₂O*][OH] = 1014
ka: CH₂O][A], pkad acidt
HA
Bronsted and Lowry
H₂O* hydronium - acid
OH hydroxide-base
CH4 pkan 50
NH3 pka ~38 H₂O pka=14
HF pka 3.2
n
11 H*-acid
strong acid
weak base
HA+BA+HB
H₂S pkan? HCI pka = -7
*H*-base
conjugated pair *用在反应比較互補的強弱性
NH4+ + OH¯
weak acid
' H* &
電負度↑“拉电子,base↓
X: NH+H2O
weak base
L
effect :
EX:NH2
*
Strong base
H
NH3
NH4+
"Pka =38 H+ pka=9
weak base weak acid
*Use conjugate.
acid↓
Lewis acids and bases e-pair - base
濃度高:八隅体 e-pair 接受者-acid
H-N
HOF
H
F F
H-N-B-F
H'
F
base
acid
adduct
HBr pka = -9
HI pka = -10
conjugated acid stronger
1½ EN... ↑, conjugated base weaker
「 同族om r差異大个, acid 个
atom
(rt, bond E↓)
acidt
acid T
IA
PA
> 取代原子团愈大,立体障礙愈大 ⇒ base.acid ↓
112 中國醫
下列化合物何者無法利用氫化鈉(NaH)進行去質子化反應 (deprotonation reaction)?
(A) ammonia NH₂ =38
(B) 2-butanone
(C) dimethyl malonate
(D) phenol
(B) (c)
pka-20
00
pkan 12.13
(D)
pka-10
NaH+
NaA +H₂
*pka Hz >
即可反应
∴ pka最大的為無法反应
base

ページ7:

Cho.5 有机物官能基
Aliphatic (AA).
Hydrocarbon
Alkanes ER FR RTL Cn Hantz
Alkenes 7 Ele to KL Lultan (2n+2-2n)/2 = 14740 C = C
Alkynes Ŕ E to KELL CnHan-z (2n+2-2n+2)/2=24740 LEL
Cyclic aliphatic CnH₂n A.0.0.017742070
Aromatic Benzene, Naphthalene...
[Flavoring
:
Lipids
-R
-O-C-R'
0
LO-U-R" 三酸甘油脂,
CHO
(2) Flavoring
CHO
Hoc
飽和脂肪
Ho-
胆固醇
Hoc.
~~....不飽和脂肪
L
①不飽和度 [HD = [(2n+2)-擁有H]/2
完全飽和契H
4 等價電子代換法:N=CH,O=CH2,F=CH3...
Ex L₂HN=C2H5 (CH) = (H6 CHD = (3x2+2-6)/2=1
化学式猜結構:
(1) C6H6 IHD = (2+6+2-6)/2 = 4 i
LA
12) L2H60 IHD = L₂H6 (CH₂) = (2x3+2-8)/2=0 H₂L-CH₂-OH
A
(3) C2H5F 直接轉成H-atom
Lz Hq NA
HC-CH2-X
HC - CH2 - Nha
HIC-CHI
☺ aku per a En: F> N >O > C >H
HO-
。
→>>>
->
- L'
HO
OH
a-4 =(-H ==<²="< =L-sí=
9-2
EC²-4 -OH L-N<
a
-L-SR C: `C=S<~
;C=P== ~ `C°-po- <=<<
-
72-5%
->
思
OH OH
OR
XOXO XXXN-R -C=C- ++
OH
OR
a+2
·OR
FOR
-C=N:
OR
a+4 0=C=O RO-
i
OR
0
RO N

ページ8:

Function Group:
(1) carbonyl group (=0
厶段街反应
1-00
->
bil all
YOH HO-
,催淚剂
JNHS
ROH ROHR-LOOR + H₂O
ROH
H20
0
/NH₂
-OR
-C=N
COOH R-OH
+H20
1. Carboxylic acid & OH
2. acid anhydride hol
5. amide ANH₂ 6. nitrile - CEN 7. aldehyde H
0
3, ester
LOR 4. ix
8. ketone i
acid halide (acyl halide)
9. alcohol (R-OH) HiL_
HIL
H₂-C-OH (3°)
HIL
LH-OH (2) HSC-CH₂-OH (1°)
H₂L-OH
HBC-
[co]
×
(酮)H、
[50]
[o]
OH
(羧酸)
(羧酸)HO-
H-C=0
:
10. mercaptan - (R-SH) % ok 47 Hg →Hgs (433)
HIL
H₂C_
H₂L-C-SH (3°)
Hic
CH-SH 129
CH₂-SH (1°)
HIL-SH
H3C
H3L
11. amine
1
+
NH₂
ammonia
R-NH2
(10胺)
NH
R
(2°胺)
R-N:
R13°)
R-N-R
ammonium
|
R
(4°胺)
H2O
OH
+ N = −L− + −6- = |_ C=N
-LEN hitrile
L=NH imine
12, ether
R-OH HO-R
sulfide
以上命名按順序
:
I
N
N
H₂O
OH
'R'
0
0
=
11
sulfoxide
5- sulfone
。
①
COOH
8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

ページ9:

Ch0.6 Kinetic & Thermodynamic
(快慢
(穩定)
G Ea
活化複伂 transition state(無法單)
扌
G
Low
Eaz
Ea
fast
H70
H
Ho
* 反应速率↔ Ea
℗ Entropy (8473) OS = >H/T
Centhalpy)
25°C, lamb
1.082
Gibbs free energy G = OH - ToS = OG² + RT Inc (G- -ŔT Ink)
1) G=0 (balance): Q=K
(2) G<O (spontaneous): <k
13) G70 (non spontaneous): Q>k
B
A: unstable, B: stable
LA
B
A: Stable B: unstable
<
Eaz, G
G, Ea,
ABG <o spontaneous
favor
A+B, G70 non spontaneous
Cho.7 Intermediates
:
unfavor
(α =
[生成物]
[反应物]
)
A+X
4+ B
A B
11-
HH
∴3°自由基存在週期較長,stable)
ble
free radical
: 548 atom sx: F·, ·CH₂, •NO
QH
H
H
•* 15 ZR FJ plannal
1 tanneling 穿隧 ⇒ H=C=CH
6穩定度: 40
HIL-C.
H
H'
4t3
> H₂C-L· H₂L-L. >H-L·
H
H
H
H
1
H
+
h
H
H
H
1 te-
H H
吸
H₂
CH3
HCH
H₂4
-CH3
-CH3
4₂
H₁L
-CH₂
Hil
-CH₂₂
-H
H
H₂L
艹
carbocation Ton H-14
→穩定度:取代基愈多,增加缺中心电子密度
CH₂
H
CH3
H₂L-LO
carbanion TO
H'
H
>
H
H
H
+ze- C-H, co prest stable
>
OH
H
H
Hyperconjugation. 引導效应 Inductive effect
ん穩定度:取代基愈多,增加缺er中心电子密度,cause負電荷太多排斥→ unstable
CH3
<
CH3
413
H
<
H

ページ10:

* 31 Induction, the Mesomerism (Resonance)
I: 8+→ f- (EN,距離大小影响引導強弱)
M:共振时化学键轉移 推拉e
X RH
N-CO ←
Rtm H
+
48H
R.
RON=CTH
←
+M
H
R
major
R-
H
H
major (EN)
11 HSC-0 = RN- group te & HERZ & HE R₂N > CH₂O (YEN : N >0) > F
卝
0-1
Ex:
-M
EN: 0 > N >C
+M
N=C
0
major (EN最高者)
-L
←
+M
-I
" N-, C-OH. C-OR, -CEN & fie- ; F-, Cl- in the t
01
Chong PKa
:
49 49 09
NH4 B(OH), HCN
Acidity ↑ Pka↓
/
0
RS0TH, HE, HỌC-L-OH, H2CO3, H2S, HCN Nha Ph-OH H2O
312 4.7
>
6.10
7
>
29
0
>R-OH> RCH >R-CECH
9410
14
16418
20
25
>
HH
>H2> NH >H₂ C = CHR > R-H
35
38
31~32
40
50
H₂O
0
不
①比較法:
HO-H
pka=417
the-2-0-
+ H+
CF
group
約
(F-
0
11
H20
100%
0
:F的EN大(拉已能力法),使H+不易解离出去
||
+ H
O-H
0
又共振使平衡板端→
Pka-o
Pka 4
Phenol ☆ JETARY 5ľ, TR PAR 3 stable acid ↓ base ↑
OH
H-00-H
'
'
1919
°
base
←
←
3° stable
pka lo
CH-OH (CH2)2CH-OH, (CH3)3 L-OH
17
18419
• stable, pka↑, acid ↓ 13
"
>
pkan
①Enol: avid base 17 the Aenol Fotr, only te strong base or #67 13-14 T Enolate ↑ 1.
©
0
||
OH-
.C
Hyc
CH3
i
11
OH OH
-H
°
H+
+1+ ←
←
Pka 20
4+3
·CH13 H₂O
©
enolate
enol

ページ11:

共振推
i i
d-H 酸性:
推e基
H H₂
Pka = 13.5
11) HE e-₤14, acid↓ "
TA
20
CH3 H₂L
group
26
OR H₂L
i
30
NR₂
• e- C=O cause - group 4 & 13 (H+).
(2)EN:0>NC,共振C>NO更願意將e-推結(=0
,
Ca-H共振鎖死,不易去貿子化。
Patom ENT, acid T
→L=NC=0
"-L: 0>N
H₂C
OR
HALL
OR
H₂L
OR
FOR
NR₂
←
13) H₂ L-C = N = H₂LLEN H₂L=C=N=
←>>>
H3L
-I
Pka 25
0
0
20
YEN: ON JE é D:ON
J
H3L-
CH3
H2
++-2
CH3
H₂L
-CH3
5
只去質子化
> N
(acid)
base↓
acid↑
FEC-AT
© Bent's Rule 5%: SITES 54 BJECT, 93% T, ENT (
,
鍵能角↑(雖然bond E↑, acid↓,但在同週期or原子大小相近時要用EN比较)
SP2 (120°)
-H Pka = 40
SP 1180°)
←
-L=H Pka=25
EN
4:P = 11, 5% = 50%
SP=1=3,5%=33%
⑥雖然EN:025,但是S可解离H+超八隅体共振。
acid
Hi
Pka 40
H+
040-Q.
HH
"
←
>
· SP3 1109°)
-1 = Pka = 50
SP = 1= 4,5% = 25%
Pka=31~32
⑦取代基愈靠近,引導效应愈強。。拉e一基愈愈 Guid.
0
pka 4.8
41845
411
-2
218
EX:
0
03
Br o
Bre
Br
OH
OH
OH
Br
Br
Br
Br
0
OH

ページ12:

⑧苯环个,共振式↑,acid↑H可使C=Ph共振
H
H
H
pka 48
H<
H
40
Ph
<
☑
acid
Ph
'Ph
32
Ph
33
EN:0>A>c acid, Pka C>A
Db7 C=C acid > C 17th the C=C i Pka C>D
" CD > B >A (Pka)
Cho.9 Curved arrow formalism or curly arrow
Ex),
Ex 2,
[0]_[T]+[0]
①酸鹼反应
KH
Base
+
H-base
ů
0
H
Ring Opening
+
H₂C
base
-2)-CH30-
+
Li
0
1) Nao Me, MeOH
7
PCH₂ =) Lill, DMSO/M₂O
0
便缺甲
70-
Addition,
Elimination
ii.
pka↓
acid
∵高度共振
+ CH3O
anti-attacking (反反→順,順順→順,順反→反)
ex:
MeO-
-OMe
1)
acid-base rxn
0
+ MeOH-
MeO-
✗O Me
MeO
OMe
H
H+H
ring opening
Meo-
OMe
anti
be
KX
→Meo.
ome
PR
Meo
去
>)
0
脫去の
0
Cis
Meo.
->
Saponification
0
皂化
+ CO₂
HÓ
0
LiCl DMSO H₂O
水解
②反应机制 and pka rule: △pka≤5u8可逆反应,允许反应
R-CEL-RR-L=C? +H20 Apka = 11>8
25 "OH-
+ NH3 *
H-CEL-H
25
quid NH₂ v
14
+ NH4 Pka=1678
H-C=C
9
+ NH3
Pka=-13178
38
i
=CH₂
20
+420
14
Pka =6<8

ページ13:

Chl, Alkane:
Naming - Methane 4-Butane
(LUPAC) 2-Ethane
7-Heptane
10- Decane
13-
-Tridecane
16-Hexadecane
-Pentane -Octane
11-Undecane
14-Tetradecane
17-Heptadecane
3-
Propane 6-Hexane
9-Nonane
12- Dodecane
15-Pentadecane
18-Octadecane
19-Nonadecane 22-
20- Icosane
Docosane
23-Tricosane
30-Triacotane
33-
3-Tritriacotane
29 cosane 31-Hentria cotane
S
-Henicosane 24- Tetracosane
32-Dotriacotane 39-.
+triacotane
© 17% 92: ~ n-butane e isobutane
n-pentane isopentane
小
neopentane
(Pr) isopropyl
分級:H
R-E-H R-EtH
R-C+H R-C+H R-C-R
| ;
H
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary Secondary
isopropyl- or sec-propyl-
or s-propyl-
hisobutyl- o sec-butyl (s-butyl) + tert-butyl (t-butyl)
fx Tropental (isoamyl) sec-portal (s-pentyl) ft text-pental (t-pentyl)
that neopentul t
(NP)
sec-isopentyl (sec-isoamyl)
(Sia) Ex: (STG) 2 BH
B-H
8A, group: -F fluoro -C1 chloro - Br bromo -I iodo ·C=N: cyano
bX:
取代基先給号
4-Chloro-2-methyl heptane
字母順序acbcd.先naming
2-Chloro-6-methylpentane.
56 5-Bromo-2.2-dimethylhexane
Br
2、215权字的編号最小
CH₂C) CH2C
乚複雜取代:
169 3,5-Bis(chloromethyl) nonane
-取代基結合在一起,不管开头字母順序一律优先前
bisms, tetrakis, I pentakis + (
L-L-L-C-L-L-L-L-L
16- (1.2-dimethylpropyl)-
2C-L
:N=0
nitro

ページ14:

→新規定:环狀取代基皆寫后面
octan-3-cyclopropane
Ok
取代基編号和min
(K
CH3
CH₂
-CH3
CH₂
Ex:
you
Oct-1-en-3-cyclopropane
3- (1.1- Dimethyl butyl ) - 1.1-dimethylcyclooctane
先需前面
1- (1.1 - Dimethyl butyl)-3-(1.1.3-trimethy butyl) cyclooctane
1.1.3- Trichloro-7- (1.1-dimethylbutyl) cyclooctane
1-methyl-3-(3-methyl butan-2-yl) cyclooctane
後面無字小編号在前
後面有字在后面
(3-methylbutan-2-yl)cyclopropane.
4-(1-chloroethyl)-3-methyl heptane
→ 取代基 Max者 → main chain
4取代基
¿
36-0
23.7-Trimethyl-4-propyloctane
m
< P
十醇
0
>
OH
OR
acid
ester
+阿莫尼亚
-H₂O
O
0
11
11
> -CEN >
NH₂
>
>OH
SH
>
WH₂
amide
nitrile
aldehyde ketone
alcohol
amine
> >C=<< > -C=C-
>
i-i-
noic (俗名)
alkene
alkyne
alkane
amide
ketone (oxo)
0
EX:
11
H-C-N carbamic acid
CH3 -4612-36H - EH2-4-OH
14-412-442
Ho alcohol (hydroxy)
CH₂
412-
CH₂
10=5
ketone
4/2
3-hydroxycyclopentanone 131
3-cyano pentanoic acid
| COOH)
4-oxobutanoyl chloride
OH
NH₂
HL
• amine Camino for
aldehyde (formyl)
156412-66472
nitrile (cyano)
CH
GHZ CEN
(OH)
2-aminopheno
`CH²₂-CH₂'
4-formylcyclohexane carbonitrile

ページ15:

④構型:
(1) single bond rotation
A B
A B
A
| |
1+6=
C-C=
(反向同面)
B
(2) The enthalpy of van der waals repulsion forces:
H3C
HH
Ikcal 1.4 kcal 2.5
0.9
H. CH3
HH
260°
H1 CH3 CH3 CH3
CHY
CH₂
L-L
H
H
H
E
staggered
(stable)
HH
elipsed
(unstable)
C-L
eclipsed
*all rotation barrier < 19 kcale
Umax = 1x3 =
L-L
ganche
->
free rotation at
常温
H
H
H
H.
H
H
H
H
H H
.H
H
H
H
H
HT XH
0°
120°
180°
60°
[10) = UMAR (COS (30) + |)
Ex
4.5
318
0.9
· (dihedral angle)
E(0) = 2.25 (COS (30) +1)
→ (dihedral angle).
0°
CH3
60°
CH₂
919
180°
240°
300°
360°
-CH₂
CH₂
CH₂
CH'₁₂
1.4
H3C
H-
eclipsed gauche
H₂ C
eclipsed
eclipsed
4.5kcal
0.9
3.8
staggered
gauche
eclipsed
3.8.
0.9
4.5
H3L
EX:
0
unstable CH
09018
gauche x2
"CHS Tx staggered-
CH Stable
DOG² = 0H²-7-5° = -RT enk
→
if gauche staggered:
Higauche) = 0.8 kcal an
= Rx ln() = -Ren²
/
Calculate the equilibrium concentrations ratio of ganche and anti but are
© S = nRen
未分子父.
初分子父
*1=0-018=-018 kcal
* 66° = −018 - 298 ( - 11 987 × 103 x ln 2) = -0139kal ol
G = +RT Ink=10139
Staggered
K-gauche
7 66% stagger, 34% gauche
∴G不一定=H²(除非05=0)
=
7.9