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11 - 8 読解 ネットワークと人間社会の類似点 筆者の定義をおさえる 期 仮説力 ネットワーク科学の重要なキーワードとして、「六次の隅たり」というものがあります。 これは、世界中のだれ かとコンタクトをとろうと思ったら、間に六人ぐらいの人が介在してくれれば、つながることができるという理 です。現在、世界に約六十四億人もの人々がいるにもかかわらず、そのだれとでも､途中に六人だけ入ればつ ながるというふうになったら、 これって「狭い世界」ですよね。だからよく「世間は狭いね」とジョウダンで言いま すが、あれは科学的な事実なのです。 そのネットワークを大きく分けると、 目のような形をした非常に規則正しいネットワークと、バラバラ カランダムのネットワークの二つに分けることができます。 小さな世界というのは、その二つのネットワークの 中間に位置するものです。完全にバラバラでいい加減ではないけれども、完全に規則正しいわけでもありません。 それでは、道路を例にとって、どうすれば小さな世界になるかを説明してみましょう。 ニューヨークや京都、 でもいいと思いますが、ああいう盤の目のようなきっちりとした道路というのは､少し交通量が10 くなるとしてしまいます。規則正しいがゆえに、抜け道がないものですから、どこか詰まったら全部詰まっ てしまうのです。規則正しいネットワークというのは、すぐに交通渋滞が起きてしまうのです。 初期のインターネットでも、実際に交通渋滞がかなり起きていました。 そこでどうするかというと、何か所か でいいんですが､ナナめに「抜け道」をつけてあげます。 そうすると、みんなが同じ交差点に集まる必要がなくな 交通渋滞が緩和されるんですね。 これは､道路網でもインターネット網でも同じことです。 規則正しいネッ トワークだと、目的地に達するのが結構大変な場合でも、ちょっとした抜け道(近道)みたいなものをいくつか入 れてやるだけで、すごく早く目的地に到達できるんです。 これが小さな世界です。 人間社会というのは、そういう抜け道みたいなものが実はたくさんあります。すぐに別の人とコンタクトが取 れるという状況なのです。ただし、あまりに「抜け道」とか「近道」が多すぎて、めちゃくちゃになってしまうと、 今度はどうやって到達したらいいのかわからないし、場合によっては全然つながっていない場合もあったりする ので、ランダムになるとダメなんです。 つながり方が、適度にいい加減だと効率がいいんです。 それが「世間は狭い｣という意味で、「小さな世界｣のネッ トワークと呼ばれるものです。 インターネットなんかはそうなっていますし、人間の社会もそうです。 まだ解明 されていませんが、人間の脳もそうではないかというようなことが言われています。 ランダム偶然に任せ、無作であるさま｡ 「ネットワーク」や「メディア」に 関する文章では、匿名による交流 ゆえに生じる倫理的な問題点を じたものも多く、また「リテラシー 活用する能力)」という語が出 の内容をしている記述に線を引きまえて理解を深めよう→間を攻略 四理由 について、「規則正しいネットワーク」において「交通渋滞｣が起こる のはなぜか。その原因を、二十五字程度でわかりやすく書け。 de 五指示 「ランダム｣という語を用いて、筆者の考えるその方法を三十字以内で書け。 う ④ とあるが、筆者は、「人間の社会｣とはどのようなものだと考えてい るか。 最も適切なものを、 次から選べ。 すばやく結果を出すために規則性ばかりが重視される、 合理的なネットワーク。 よく自由であることで円滑に人間関係が構築される、緊密なネットワーク。 「近道｣が多いためにかえって混乱した、雑然としたネットワーク。 ( ( ランダムな要素によってつながりが分断された、断片的なネットワーク 「小さな世界｣という狭い人間関係で構成される、窮屈なネットワーク。 間七構成 二重傍 Xのカギカッコの効果として、最も適切なものを次から選べ。 以降で本格的に議論される課題が明示されている。 6 容易には理解しがたい抽象的な概念が提示されている。 常識に反した、 X 解決策を考えるべき問題点が指摘されている。 強調されている。 本文における筆者の問題意識が暗示されている。 保則正しいネットワークに適度にランダム要素を使えち The ステップ 西三〇 N (2)_ コンタクト 15:4= 6 ガイド 間 字 1~②について、カタカナは漢字で､ 漢 字はその読みをひらがなで書け。 【各3点 ORA じゅうたい 「盤の目のような｣とは、物事のどの ような様子を言い表した表現。簡潔に書け。 徳の長さや、配 正しい 線「六次の隔たり」の理論が正しいか検証 する方法として、最も適切なものを、 次から選べ。 【7点] 出した六人に、特定の人物の連絡先を知 っているかどうか尋ね、これを複数回繰り返す。 六人の人に知人の数を聞き、その合計が六十四 えるかどうかを確かめる。 特定の人物を知っていそうな人を紹介してもらって いき、六人以内でその人にたどり着く確率を確かめる。 無作為に抽出した六人のグループを複数作り､六人 が共通して知っている人物がいる確率を割り出す。 コンピュータ上で六十四のポイントを作り、その ポイントすべてをつなぐために、何本の線が 必要となるか算出する｡ 。 正しく美様子。 櫻子 be A [au) 5 Fo 0.5 41 T RE YK SE 17 EN O NO 要旨をつかむために! 理解を深めよう 要約のための確認 話題 「世間は狭い」 科学的な事実 筆者の注目している点 規則正しい ぐうぐう →二つのネットワークの中間 ･･・･小さな世界 者の主張 つながり方が、適度にいい加減 だと効率がいい 人の もそうです まとめてみよう 要約に向けて ・主張を四十字以内で書こう。 【6点】 & from 2016 ... 1-4 ① とあるが、どのようにすると、この「小さな世界｣になるというのか。 in 【6点】 便利だしく､抜けな たの に 8 [00-21]

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【Ⅲ】 次の(A), (B)の設問に答えよ。 ((A)14点,(B)6点) (A) 次の英文を読んで,下の設問に最も適切な解答をせよ。 特に指示のない選択式の設問は記 号を1つ選んで答え, "You may choose more than one option." と指示のある設問に対して複 数の記号を選ぶ場合は、 アイウエオ順に解答すること。 Mike: Hello Alex, long time no see! Alex: Hi, it's been almost two years since we last met each other! How were you doing? Mike: Until recently, I was frustrated that I could not meet my friends at university, but I was able to spend more time with my family, so I was okay. By the way, how did you like the online classes? Alex: Personally, I did not like them. It was difficult for me to maintain my concentration at home. Also, I could not resist the temptation of using my smartphone, because there was no supervisor at home who checked whether I was working hard or not. Mike: If you use your phone during class, the professor will definitely tell you off! Hot Alex: Another reason why I prefer in-person classes is that I can ask questions or have discussions with my friends. In the Pre-covid-19 era, when I had questions, I went up to my friend Thomas, one of the best students in our faculty and he taught me everything that I did not understand. Mike: That was a huge issue for me as well. If I have questions piled up, then I am more likely to dislike the subject and have more anxiety towards it. So, my friends and I decided to have meetings online on a regular basis and this helped me to worry less about online learning. Alex: That was really (1) of you, I should have done that! So, are you in favor of online learning? Mike: Yes, although I have less face-to-face interaction with friends, I like online learning more. because I do not have to spend a lot of time commuting to school. I live far away from university and it takes two hours for me to get here by train. Alex: Really! I did not know that, what time do you wake up? Mike: I usually wake up at 5 am. ant mo Alex: That's so early! What do you do on the train? Mike: I just do netsurfing and I do not feel that I use my time productively on the train. If we can continue to take online classes wherever we want, we can get more flexibility in our schedules, We won't have to take the time to commute to the university to attend classes, or if we like it, we may even be able to watch lecture videos on our phones while traveling by train. Alex: I understand your opinion, but didn't you have any technical problems? Mike: I only had a few. Besides, most of the professors posted recorded videos of lectures after class. So, I watched the recordings when I missed some parts. Furthermore, I could study at my own pace and the videos allowed me to digest what I had learned. Alex: That's a good point, but it had an adverse effect on my learning. Mike: How? Alex: I started skipping my online classes because I thought I could just watch those recorded videos later. So, just before exams, I had so many videos to watch. Mike: Maybe, traditional classroom settings might be better for people like you. Alex: I think so. Oh, it's time to go to class. Mike: Oh, yeah, have a good day. Alex: You too! 問1 NOTES Topic of the conversation: ( 2 ) Standpoint Basis Mike (3) (5) Choose the best one to complete blank 1. 7 because cruel clever I kind 2 Choose the best title to complete blank 2. 7 How to get good results at university Technical issues in online classes Safe remote learning at home I Online learning or learning face to face Alex ( 4 ) (6) -11- 18

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【IV】 次の(A), (B)の設問に答えよ。 ((A)11点,(B)6点) (A) 次の英文を読んで、 下の設問に最も適切な解答をせよ。 選択式の設問は記号 (アイウエ･･･) を1つ選んで答えること。 A World Bank report recently released suggests climate change could, force 216 million people across six regions to migrate within their countries in the next 30 years, with ""hotspots" emerging within the next nine years ( 2 ) urgent steps are taken. ) urgent steps are taken.numputė, valab The "Groundswell Part 2" report examines how climate change is a powerful driver of migration within a nation because of its impact on people's livelihoods through droughts, rising sea levels, crop failures and other climate-related conditions. The original Groundswell climate. report was published in 2018 and detailed projections and analysis for three world regions: sub- Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America. "Groundswell 2" conducted similar studies on East Asia and the Pacific, North Africa, and eastern Europe and Central Asia. Both studies established different scenarios to explore potential future outcomes and identify internal climate in- and out- migration hotspots in each region that is, the areas from which people are expected to move, and the areas to which they might go. The study suggests that by 2050, sub-Saharan Africa could see as many as 86 million internal climate migrants; East Asia and the Pacific, 49 million; South Asia, 40 million; North Africa, 19 million; Latin America, 17 million; and eastern Europe and Central Asia, 5 million. To slow the factors driving climate migration and avoid these worst-case outcomes, the report recommends a series of steps world leaders can take, including reducing global emissions (4) the goals established by the Paris 2015 climate agreement, and taking steps to better understand the drivers of internal climate migration, so appropriate policies to address them can be developed. (注)* hotspot: 自然破壊が進み, 危機に瀕している地域 -2/ Which of the following has the closest meaning to", force"? to talk someone out of doing something to keep someone from doing something to tell a lie I to make someone move 2 Put the best one into blank 2. 7 unless イ 1 ア イ once when I if ウ 3 Which of the following has the closest meaning to "3 a powerful driver"? ア a good person who drives a truckgran amma di kaill) a tool to fix some furniture I 0811 a strong power that causes something to happen a condition which causes climate change 4 Put the best one into blank 4. Pin line with イ I on behalf of in spite of even though

答え合わせの為、答えを教えて頂きたいです。 よろしくお願いします。ビジネス英語です。

Working with words 1 Complete the sentences with the words in bold. Change the form of the word in bold or add another word to it. supply 1 It's important to build good relationships with different suppliers. 2 Our supply chain begins with the manufacturer in India and ends in our UK shops. is much higher but it's transport 3 The cost of air faster. show 4 Customers from all over Europe visit our in Paris and Milan. invent 5 Every item in our photographic records of each of them. middle 6 The problem with using is that it adds to the final cost of products because we have to add on their fee. is unique, so we keep ship 7 We have a large. track 8 We use barcodes to stock coming in and out of the warehouse. made 9 All our pots are _, which makes them expensive, but our target customer doesn't want anything mass-produced. original 10 The arriving in three days. of the of the products is printed on the bottom of the box. 2 Underline the correct words in italics to complete the sentences. 1 The book is currently out of stock, but it is on / out of order, so we'll have it soon. 2 We need to stock up on / run out of headed paper. Could you put an order in? 3 I ran low on/out of ink, so I couldn't print out the report. 4 We can keep track of/ on track our order by satellite. 5 Let's stop at the next service station. We are running low/out on petrol. Business 1 Complete the phone call between Virginie, a customer, and Kevin, a call handler. Put the words in italics in the correct order. Kevin Good afternoon, you're speaking to Kevin. How can I help you? Virginie Hello, I am up/chasing/an/order chasing up an order I placed three weeks ago. Kevin account /take/I/your/details / Can please? 2 Virginie Yes. The account number is 572638. Kevin OK. If you bear with me a moment, I'll into / look/it 3 Let me see. Well, my /to / information / according it is still on order. 4 Virginie I really need to know happened /to/has/it/ what 5 Could check/me/you/it/for/out 6 ? Kevin Certainly. I'll back/you/to/hour / within/get/ the 7 Virginie Thank you. 2 Kevin calls Virginie back. Complete their conversation with the phrases from the list. put the order straight through asap charge it to was dispatched on check it out as quick as we can must have gone wrong Kevin Hello, this is Kevin from DYK calling. I've got some information about your order. Virginie Oh, thanks for calling back. So, what's happened to it? Kevin Well, we put the order straight through to the warehouse, and it 2_ the 25th. Virginie But I haven't received it yet. Kevin I'm sorry about that. Can you confirm the delivery address? Virginie We wanted it delivered to our Brussels office. Kevin Oh, something 3 It looks like it might have gone to your Paris office instead. I'll 4 straightaway. Virginie I've already been waiting three weeks. Could you just send it again 5 ? Kevin OK, no problem. We'll resend it Virginie Thank you. And please not the Paris one. the Brussels account,

見にくいですが、1.の答え合わせと、2の回答を教えて下さい。

1 Complete the sentences with a, an, the or no article (-). 1 Is there a hotel? my bus to the airport from 2 Our centre is equipped with the latest facilities. 3 How long have you been learning to speak ____ Chinese? 4 Could I have a cup of tea, please? 5 Sorry, but he isn't at _____ work today. 6 A main exhibition centre is over there. 7 He's a person I mentioned during dinner. You should meet him. 8 Is this an information you wanted? 9 What time's my flight to the USA? 10 I normally travel by a bicycle. 11 I love the vegetarian food. 12 The greatest innovation of twentieth century was the Internet. 13 Are we meeting again on the Thursday? 14 Hi. My name's Elaine Keevey and I'm an accountant. 2 Read eight rules and guidelines for staff working at a conference centre. Add the correct article(s). the 1 All staff must be polite and helpful to trade fair delegates. 2 Remember to wear ID badge at all times. the 3 Check visitors' names on registration list when they enter main venue. 4 If you see visitor who looks lost, immediately offer to help. 5 Staff not wearing uniform will be sent home. 6 Exhibition centre is always closed to visitors on Mondays. 7 For information, direct visitors to Central Registration Desk. 8 If you travel by car, please park in Staff Car Park.

自分の回答があっているか不安なので、４第答えて頂きたいです。 自分の回答はこちらには見にくくなってしまうため書いていません。

Working with words 1 Complete the review of a hotel. Use the answers to complete the puzzle and find the European city where the hotel is located. HOTEL REVIEWS This first-class hotel and conference centre welcomes guests from all over the world. Its 1 facilities are second to none. There are 300 en-suite rooms and five apartment suites. For business guests, it has ten meetings rooms, two of which are big enough to be used as halls. 2 The hotel can also organize events such as guided 3 around the town centre for conference 4 and hotel guests who enjoy a bit of 5 For food-lovers, the four-star restaurant serves regional 6 every evening. All in all, this is a top-class for business and for pleasure. 7 6 1 A fa 0 il i t 1 e S 2 Replace the words in italics (1-8) with the phrases from the list. Add a pronoun if necessary. you hotel? look around meet up with show someone around 3 freshen up eat out pick someone up check in drop someone off Pedro It's difficult to park here. Can I stop and leave drop you off in front of the 1 Sabrina Sure, I'll register 2 and then I'd like to have a wash, and change my clothes 3 Pedro If you like, tonight I can give you a tour of 4 the old city. We could by eat in a restaurant 5 the port. Sabrina That sounds great! I'd rather walk about and See 6 the city than stay in my hotel room. Pedro I'll collect you 7 8 8.30 p.m. We'll see Alberto and Maite in the main square. at Business communication 1 Put the words in the correct order to make expressions. 1 meet person / it's / nice / to / you / in It's nice to meet you in person 2 have / did / finding / you/ any / trouble / us? 3 worry / signing / don't / about / in 4 through / programme / I'll / run / today's 5 this my / come / way / to / office 6 need building / you'll / this / enter / badge/ the / to 7 reception / sure / make / in / at / you / sign 2 Raymond Roberts has an appointment with Janet Rose. He has just arrived at HBG premises. Complete their conversation with the phrases from the list. let me take your bag can I get you a drink Welcome to HBG publishing I thought you could catch up again how was your journey You'll need this Make sure you 1 Raymond Good morning, I'm here to see Janet Rose. Janet Hello, I'm Janet. ¹ Welcome to HBG publishing. Raymond It's nice to meet you in person. Janet Likewise. So, 2 Raymond Well, there were traffic jams on the motorway and I got a little bit lost in the industrial park. Janet Don't worry. That happens to everyone. Anyway, 3 - I'll store it in my office. Raymond I'll hang on to it if you don't mind. It's got all my stuff in it. Janet Well, if you change your mind just tell me. And 4 Raymond Thanks. I'll have a cup of tea, please. Janet Sure, I'll just get that for you in a second. First of all, I'll run through the schedule. 5 start by meeting Karen Rankin this morning and then we'll 6 at lunchtime. Raymond OK. And will I see Malcolm Briscoe? Janet Yes, in fact he's joining us for lunch. One other thing. security pass. at all times. 7 It's your 8 wear it

青線部で質問です同一表現の繰り返しを避けるはS V A and Bのことですか？もう一つのカンマとセミコンロンの用法がわからないのですが、それらははどういう形で共通の語句を省略しているのですか？

次の英文を訳しなさい BEGAGT In Britain we sip the refreshing beverage from breakfast till bedtime. Tea lubricates all our social activity. Some prefer it plain, others with milk, sugar, or both. 共通語句は省略する 17課で学んだように, and but などの等位接続詞は, 文法上同じ役割を持つ語・ 句・節をつなぎます。ですから,たとえば and に着目して前課で学んだ共通関係で文 構造がつかめないときには,同一表現 (=共通語句) の繰り返しを避けるために省略が あると考えてよいのです。これからは, and butor・カンマ(,)・セミコロン ( ;) の後の構造分析に確信が持てないときは,共通語句の省略と考えて文の構造把握 にかかりましょう。 . Jacinsw I'nob" 19:14 CEN 〈形容詞+名詞〉の名詞とS･V･O･C･Mが省略される on bib 共通語句の省略には、大別すると① <形容詞+名詞〉の名詞と, ②文の(主) 要素の O SIT 省略があります。 例を挙げて少し検討してみましょう。 Some plants have some 名詞 Vt 38 (a) Some plants have white flowers, some pink, some red. (pools) (agaist slould sit mort), mult sorodn カンマ以下の some と pink, red が初めの節のどの語句と対応するのかを対比 し,何が省略されているかを考えてみましょう。 (Some plants は 「一部の植物, 植物によっては･･･なものもある」と訳しておきましょう。)) yud bre guigeo ALAC 104 カンマ以下はVt (have) と 名詞 (plants/flowers) の省略。 icking (東北学院大) white flowers 名詞 pink/red Some people are others Vi M plants がない, some pink, some red の some は代名詞に品詞が変わりましたが, h 5(X) pink/red は相変わらず形容詞のままです。 SACRAPERO DH LEFTY-0 (b) Some people are wise, but others not. (others=other people → 1課) not wise C カンマ以下はV (are) と girls [伊草 C (wise) の省略。gnolog/ は動詞) いのは の 第1 では (In (大本 第2 紅茶は Te 第3 人に とS C カ othe の技 こと の対 《全 信 t E

When we ～lose it.の文にある、to make something happen は不定詞で言うところの何的用法かわかる方いますか？？わかる方がいたら、なぜそうなるのかと、残り二つの用法では無い理由を教えてくださいm(_ _)m

gy is everywhere and energy is in everything. we call t it. When we use energy to make something happen, we at type of energy. One type of energy can be converted into a ergy from food that When 's use

この問題はどう回答すればよろしいですか？ 教えてください！

Practice 13 A. 各文の態を変えなさい。 ?やピリオドを忘れずに。 1. Who discovered the island? 2. The castle can be seen from here. 3. The hunter has killed the bear. 4. A stranger spoke to me at the bus stop. B. 各組のb.がa.の受動態になるように、()内に適当な語を入れなさい。 1. a. You must do it at once. b. It() () () at once. 2. a. The study of law interests me. b. ( ) ( ) ( ) the study of law. 3. a. They say that he is a great composer. b. ( ) ( ) ( ) that he is a great composer. D. 各文の( )内の語を並べかえて意味の通る文にしなさい。 ?やピリオドを忘れずに。 1. Who (this / by / salad / was / made)? 2. She (with/exam/ was/her/results/ pleased). 4 3. He (chairperson / the / be / committee / elected / of /will).

（2）と（5）の単語が何が入るかわからないです。 うまく訳ができません。

次の英文の 2911 (a) significant MAS (f) outlook )に当てはまる単語を (a) から (j) から選び、その単語の記号を入れましょう。 消極的 不完全 強調される (d) imperfect (c) negative Ak (h) attitude (e) emphasized # # ₂ 7 3/4 (i) remarkably 認する (b) refer 217 (56 (g) connected Blony sil (1) Communicative ability is (e) in 征服する (i) conquer 0 in second lar second language teaching theory. (2) She had to ( ) her bad habit of smoking heavily when she drank. (3) China has a long history (with Confucianism and Taoism. (4) The results of the experiment are not statistically ( A ). (5) I think it is not an ( ) that adults should have. (6) I am happy to know that this medicine is (effective. (7) What noun does this "it" () to? ---Actually, I don't know. (8) The () on nature differs from religion to religion. 根本的に (9) Language is fundamentally (2) in the Zen way of thinking. (10) In the Shinto way of thinking, we have to avoid using (C) words.