ページ1:

Engines
operating in cycle Eint - 0
heat
car
Stirling engine
God 3
Qin
Steam engine
from heat flow out
waste from
gos doesn't fully
expand
→
V
efficiency output = W = QH-Q₁ = 1-
5
IQHI
Petro (Gasoline) more efficient
fuel +air ignited
confessic
P
of
otto cycle
Gin
<
|Qul
Diesol
|QL
Qul
fuel injected right time at end
combeusion
↑ a
diesel
cycle
-carnot
Adiabatic
Good
P
OH
Isothermal
expand
QH
2
Tu
GL
Adiabetic
Compress TL
Refrigerator
port
condensation
Adiabatic
compress
v
high compression ratio
Maximum e
COP= |QLIQL
W
Q4-1Q
compression
Carnot refrigerator
evaporation in
T₁
COP
V
TH-TL

ページ2:

Temperature
C
*F-82
K-273-4
- the Zeroth law of thermodynamics
if T₁ = TB and TB = Tc then TB = Tc
thermal equilibrium
-thermal expansion
linear ALLAT
area
AA AdAAT Ad₁
volume VV, AT α₁ = 3αL
-heat absorption.
Thermodynamics
Q heat W
P-V diagram
W =
V₂
Saw Seav
=
Vi
O<M
P
P
positive
W,Q path-dependent
v
V
P
P
CW
Wnet >0
Vi
hegative
expansion
CCW Whet <0
V₂
Wnet >0
Wo
compression
V
- the 1st law of thermodynamics.
AE
in out
+ e
Aint = Q-W
0
temp↑ temp↓
+
e
done on
done by (compress)
(expand)
path independent
Q= CAT
heat capacity
-fusion.
• G= ML vaporization
Q = MCAT
latent heat
Specific heat
heat transfer mechanisms
Conduction
- thermally flow activated e conductors
atomic vibration
* insulators
- varies w/ temp
-insulator: atonic activity
-T↑ conductivity ↑ [{ gas: rindon activity
LT↓ conductivity conductors: collision rate
Fourier's law of heat conduction
Eld, Patn
A
B
0'
constant P
AEint-Q-W
Q
W = PAV
Isoboric
P
Constant V
Isovolumetric
Eint Q
Q
W=0
Constant T
Higher T
lower T
AEint=0
Q
W= nRTV
Isothermal
Vi
Isothermal
Adiabatic
C
no heat flow
•B sleeper DEint = - W
Q=0
W
Adiabatic
0'
V
Pcond =
Q
(TH-TC)
AT
t L/KA
Rcond
thermal resistance R = L
KA
composite
slab Pond
AT
ΣRn
L
T(x) = TH-(TH-TC)X
Convection
forced convection external devices
• natural convection: buoyancy → fluid motion
T₁>T₂
Te
Ta
surface
-Radiation λmax"
absorb
Prad
Hot pot
heat transfer a fluid properties
b2.9-10 m.k
- Molar specific heat of idect
internal
gas
energy
in molecules
Molor specific heat
(W=0)
constant volare C
Q
Eint
3
z
R
NAT
NAT
2
Q = nC√AT
- constant pressure Cp = Cy + R
Q =
= nСpAT
น
8.81
• Equipartition each degree of freedor (f) has 1kBT energy molecule
translational rotational vibrational
0-0-0
20 bending
stretching
Z
T
-Degree of freedom
monoctonic f=3
-> Cv = 3₂R
GEAT
z
C₁ = (f)R
f = 5 →
C=R
-8"
Z BR
OEA (Tem - Thobody)
-Adiabatic Expansion
8 =
5.6704-10
Teny > Tbody Pabs-
loses
Tenv<Tbody Prad = GEA (Thoody - T' env)
diatonic
polyatomic f = 6 → C
PV-P₁V W-(BV-PV)
1-8