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Lesson Letters from a Battlefield Date Part 1 You will need to prepare a small foot warmer or a hot water bottle to warm yourself when you enter the 湯(の) air raid shelter at our house, because it is very cold 空襲の 避難所 to do inside. A blanket is also necessary. Make sure you make sure (that) stu take matting, too. ござ、むしろ (December 8th, 1944). I really feel sorry for you, hearing how your hands get cold and cracked because of the cold ひび割れた weather and water in winter. Whenever you use water, make sure you dry your hands thoroughly and 徹底的に、入念に 確実に必ず]~する feel Sorry for A Aを気の毒に[念に思う (because) I heard whenever S+V~ がするときはいつでも then rub them until they get warm. ~をこする Aut (December 11th, 1944) These are letters writion from a battlefield by a husband to his wife in Tokyo during World War II. The writer of these letters was Lieutenant General 中将 Tadamichi kuribayashi, a commander on Inote. "He 司令官 →のことも現在時制 Nakabayashi
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Date Part 2 Iwoto was very significant for both the US and Japan 重要な in the war. for the US. it was an important stopping point to carry out big attacks on Japanese cities. On the other hand, for Japan, losing Inoto meant losing the base that protected the mainland. It would lead to the exposure 本土 ~を守る of unarmed citizens to 非武装の 市民 fire and gunshot 6 銃撃 さらされること The number of Japanese soldiers in the battle there ・戦し was 20,000, while American soldiers numbered 60.000. 一方で ☆ Whoever analyzed this war situation, the difference was ~を分析する obvious and there was little chance of Japan winning 明らかな leod to A Aにつながる、Aという結果になる。 expuse A to B AをBにさらす The battle. The Japanese Troops were sent to I note with with the aim of A the sole aim of delaying US attacks on the Japanese Aの目的で 唯一の目的 ~を遅らせる mainland for as long 05 possible. Everyone was cure of the Japanese troops being be sure of A defeated within five days. However, contrary to their ~以内に ~~TA>Aに反して Aを確信している Contrary to A AFして Nakabayashi
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Date expectations, the bottle continued for over one month. 予想、予期 The number of American deaths there was about 7,000. This was the biggest single loss of US troops in World ・損害 Nakabayashi War I.
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Date Part "The person who led the Japanese Side in the battle was Kuribayashi, the writer of the letters shown at the beginning. He understood his mission clearly and was prepared to die on 使命 電極ができて Twoto with his soldiers. It was all in the hope that their fighting would delay the deaths of unarmed people on the 戦い mainland, including their own families. ~を含めて He analyzed the geographical features of Iwoto and 地理的な decided to fight a guerrilla war against the US forces by hiding in ゲリラ(4) in underground shelters. He was convinced that this 地下の strategy would decrese Japanese casualties and prolong the 戦術 死傷者 んを長引かせる war, and thus delay Japan's defeat on Iwote. それにより To do this, Kuribayashi's soldiers needed to dig into the ground and make a network of about 500 underground ネットワーク網状組織 shelters. Digging there was extremely difficult. To make shelters strong enough against bombing, the soldiers needed be prepared to do ~する用意[覚悟]ができている in the hope that ~ ~ということを期待して Nakabayashi
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Date to dig 15 to 20 m below the surface of the ground. They suffered from unbearable heat of up to 60°C and the 苦しむ "Two" or sulfur 耐え難い sulfer gas, so they had to take turns digging for short periods of time, five to ten minutes each. 短時間 Furthermore, there was not enough drinkable water on 飲料に適した さらに Inote. Soldiers could only have one bottle of water per day. * However hard the work, Kuribayashi never abandoned it. ~をあきらめる suffer from A Aに苦しむ take turns (inlat) doing 交替で~する Nakabayashi
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Date wrote these letters from the battlefield, which was burnt like a sea of five by the US forces. "Inoto is a small flat island of 23.16 fur That 平坦な ties some 1.850 km distant from Tokyo. It is a 置する 離れて barren island with no rivers or ponds. However, it 不毛の ette was one of the hard fought battlefields of World 激戦の War I Nakabayashi
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Date Twote. Under these circumstances it was too dangerous 状況 for unarmed airplanes sending letters to fly On Feburary 19th, the US Army started their all out invasion of the island. Kuribayashi's soldiers fought 全面的な侵攻 from their underground shatters for a mouth until the very end. His force of 90,000 solotiers was almost totally 完全に destroyed. About five months later, World War II came too for Ato do = so that A could Come to an end 終わる to an end Nakahayashi
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Date Part 5 Since the war, many efforts have been made to return the Japanese soldiers' belongings to their families from the US. They were taken from Imoto by the American soldiers and $8 included notebooks, diaries, and family photos. Among them make an effort 努力する were letters that seemed to be the Japanese soldiers' farewell 別れの notes Whe • they were written, he flight could deliver them ☆ ~を届ける to the families any more. Knowing this situation, what 分詞構文<帯状況 kind of thoughts do you think the soldiers tried to put in their letters? The following is one such letter. Unfortunately, the family members of the writer have not been found yet Father, Mother, Torge, Kei, Eizo, Todash. Otaka Suchara, Tatsumi, Fumiko, and Tatsuke. I would like to wish you all good health and long life. Father and no [wot]~ any more もう~ない +do you think+SV? Mother, please take good care of yourselves as you are take good care of A The Ant Nakahayashi
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Part4 Although Kuribayashi was very strict, he had another side to him. He encouraged his soldiers to write. Date encourage to de Octo letters to their families. The following is is one such letter 4 from a soldier to his wife: Whenever I can relax a little in the evening. I imagine imagine ring our children bring very hungry and shoveling their meals スをかき込む Into their mouths. I sometimes feel like I am 食事 Sitting in front of Nobu and have an urge to talk to her.. Whenever I read back letters from Jun and Hire. I think that their handwriting is very good. I know I (手書きの)字 am blinded by my love for our children. Only by having ~の判断力を失わせる their letters with me, I feel heartened. ~を元気づける Unfortunately, the delivery of letters like this was Suspended on ~を中断する 配達 Feburary 11th, 1945. The situation was becoming tense and the US Army was about to land at 緊張した P ~することを想像する have an urge to do ~したい衝動にかられる read back ACA back] Aを使に出して読み返す be about to do (まさに)へしようとしている Nakakaya
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Date getting older I only requet that I have not been able to see the 187 plendid new house that you built through all. すばらしいな werk so far. I have no other regrets. hord your 心残り se for これまで
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Lesson & Edo A Sustainable Society Part Date In Japan we throw away about 500 million tons of F garbage per year, a tenth of which comes from households ごみ (ostat 家庭 and offices. It means that we throw away about one. kilogram of garbage for each person per day. In a society キログラム of mass production and mass consumption, we throw away 消費 a huge amount of garbage. In the near future, the day may come when we will have to live buried in garbage If you are interested in environmental problems, you may 環境上の know the expression "3Rs." It means Reduce, Reuse, and 表現 ~を再使用する Recycle. It has been popular since it was introduced as the ~を再利用する Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society in 法律 ~立する 再生利用に基づく、循環型の 2000. Today not only in Japan, but in other parts of the world, numerous measures have been taken to pursue a 数多くの CAS 114478 Sustainable Society. Surprisingly people in the Edo period 分数表現 数字(分子)+序数(分母) throw away A [A away. Aを捨てる take measures 武藤をとう (1603-1884) actually achieved such a society. At that Nakahayashi
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Date Time, almost every resource was 資源 damage : recycled, which reduced to the environment to a minimum. 最小限
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Date arithmetic textbook in a terakoya (temple school) was used 算数の街の for 109 years.. When household articles were broken, they were • never thrown away but repaired by specialized craftsmen. 専門の ~を修理する For arauple, tinkers repaired old pous, bertles and pots. 餅屋 なべ やかん Cornur respirers fired broken dishes and bowls with glue. 陶磁器修理業者 接着剤 Nakabayashi
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Date a normal part of life. Moreover, recycling had the 通常の advantageous effect of creating many kinds of jobs. It * is said that there was little unemployment in the I do ほとんどない 失業 period. Nakabayashi
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Date Part4 Thanks to the recycling-based society in the Edo period, Japan improved both the environment and people's lives. In fact, the nation changed dramatically during that period. 劇的に At the start of the Edo period, many trees were act down in the mountains for timber. As a consequence, 材木 mony floods accured and large 洪水 起こ 2 ・結果 areas along rivers were damaged. That prevented Jopon from ~を妨げる agricultural 農業の production for a growing population. It barely managed to 増大する かろうじて、やっと feed its growing population of 12 million people using all of no the cultivable land available. 制作できる 利用できる 使ってる However in the late Edo period, two hundred years later. The situation largely changed. The population had 大きく increased two and a half times, but the environment Thanks to A because of A due to A Aのおかげで、Aが原因で as a consequence その結果 prevent A from doing A manage to do かろうじてすぐ showed title sign of gering worse. Deforestation had 森林破壊 show a sign of doing ~するしを見せる Nakabayashi
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Date # been stopped and forests came to life again. Floods having decreased, formland was artenced and mace were productive. 農地 ~も広げる 生産的な Conservation was carried out in all parts of society, both 自然保護 urban and rural. Overall living standards had risen 田舎の 全体の and the people were better fed and healthier. By buy objective standard, it was a remarkable achievemout to be 客観的な 成果 注目すべき found where else, before or since. どこにもない come (back) to life 生き返る、息を吹き返す before or since 後にも先にも Nakabayashi
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Part2 Let's take a closer look at life in the Edo period. Clothes were so precious and expensive than that ordinary people bought 普通の old clothes from second hand doolers or recycled their clothes 中古品を扱う取り扱い業者 for other purposes. Worn out. clothes were reused as floor すり切れた cloths, and finally burned to ashes. They even used the ぞうきん -oshes as fertilizer, in dyes and detergents, or sold them to 肥料 ・洗剤 ash buyers. The buyers would then sell the ashes to farmers. 買い付け業 as fertilizer. Date As for paper, people used it many times and then sold it To used paper buyers. These buyers resold it to used paper. D ~を転売する buyers. These buyers resold it to paper makers, who made it into recycled paper. In addition, used paper collectors walked 再生利用された 回収業者 around towns picking up paper Trash to sell to used 紙くず As for A Aについて言えば paper pick up AA upl Aを拾う。拾い上げる buyers. On the other hand, printed paper was passed on from one generation to another. According to records, one 記録 from one A to another (3) Ats (Fra) An Nakabayashi
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Part 5 Why was the recycling-based society in The Edo period so Successful? In those days, Japan had to be self-sufficiant 自給自足の in all aspects of life because of the national policy of 飯田政策 政策 isolation. There being very limited goods and materials in 孤立 限られた the country, the people needed to recycle what they had. Every thing was treated as a valuable resource, and a ~を扱う variety of traders helped recycle anything that was needed in Society. 商人 Furthermore, the mentality of the people at that Time 心的傾向ものの見方 played on important role in developing the recycling-based Society. They respected modesty and hated to waste 謙さ ひどく嫌う thing. This way of thinking came from an understanding 理解 of how nature works and its limits. The people found 使用する機能する 限界 satisfaction in their simple lives, in which they took just 満足感 enough from the world and not more. Date Nakakayashi
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Part 3 Date Various kinds of buyers, repairers, and collectors were engaged in reuse and recycling. One of the most unique 携わって examples was the metal collectors who walked around the town. cinging "Let's exchange, let's exchange." 交換する be engaged in A Aに携わっている They offered small toys offer. A to B and condies to children in return for old nails and other pieces AT of metal the children found while they were playing You may be surprised to know that people in the Edo period even recycled human waste. In those days. human 人間の排泄物 waste was the most important fortilizer source for farmers. 14. Formare regularly visited homes and poid money, or offered vegetables they had grown in return for human woste. Later human waste retailers appeared and bought 小業者 human waste from city dwellers to sal to formers. 88. 住民 Although recycling was practiced fully throughout thi Society, there was no word for verycling because it was A&B 3 in return for A 見返りに as just Nakabayashi
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Date ~運用する当てはめる apply A to B AをBに適用する当てはめる We cannot return to life in the Edo period or apply their way of life to our modern society. However, their way of thinking that " "just enough is enough" is kept "what a waste, alive in the word "mottainai or 生きて which is often heard even now in our daily lives. Nakabayashi
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