ไบใใซ็ทๅฝข็ฌ็ซใชใใฏใใซใไธฆในใ่กๅใชใฎใง็ดไบค่กๅใชใฎใฏๅใใใพใใใญใ็ดไบค่กๅใฏ้่กๅใ่ปข็ฝฎ่กๅใซใชใใฎใง่กใจๅใๅ ฅใๆฟใใ่กๅใ้่กๅใงใใๅ จใฆๆๅใ1ใฎๅฏพ่ง่กๅใซใชใใพใใ
Mathematics
Undergraduate
๐จ็ทๆฅไบๆ
็บ็๐ง
ๅ3ใฎใใฃใฆใฉใใใใใงใใ๏ผ
ไบบใซ่ชฌๆใใชใใจใใใชใใฎใงๅผใจใๅบๆฅใใฐใใใใใใๆใใฆใใใ ใใใจๅฉใใใพใ๏ผ
็ฌฌ2็ซ ่ก ๅ
42
ๅ 1. A ใๆญฃๅใชใใฐ, A, 'Aใๆญฃๅใงใใใใจใ็คบใ, ้่กๅใๆฑใใใ
a
ๅ 2.
2ๆฌก่กๅ )ใๆญฃๅใงใใใใใฎๆกไปถใๆฑใใใ
C
ๅ 3.ใคใใฎ่กๅใซ้่กๅใใใใฐใใใๆฑใใใ
/0 0 0 1
/1 2 -1'
00
10
/3 2
ใค)
(4 3/
3
ใ)
0
ใญ)
01
100
0 0 1/
100 0/
ๆญฃๆน่กๅใฎๅบๅใใงใฏ, ใจใใซ็ธฆๆจชใฎๅฏพ็งฐใชๅบๅใใ้่ฆใงใใ. ใใชใใก,
ๅบๅใ
'Au Atz
A1p
A=
A1 A22 .โฆ
Azp
R่ก
(Ap1 App
App
ใงใใฃใฆ, ๅAtt (i = 1, 2, โฆโฆ, p) ใๆญฃๆน่กๅใซใชใใใฎใงใใใใใใ่จ่จ
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