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1. PARTS OF SPEECH
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Preposition
BASIC GRAMMAR =
Short Notes for Quick Revision ☆
Naming word (person, place, thing, idea)
: Used in place of noun
Action or state of being
Describes a noun or pronoun
: Describes a verb, adjective or adverb
Shows relation between noun/pronoun
and another word
Conjunction Joins words, phrases or clauses
Interjection Expresses sudden feeling or emotion
2. NOUN
Types (a) Common
(b) Proper (c) Abstract
(d) Collective (e) Material
•Countable Can be counted (book, pen)
• Uncountable: Cannot be counted (water, sugar)
Rule Singular Plural
+ S
+ es
boy → boys
box boxes
yies → city → cities
consonant
vowel + y s
Irregular
Irregular
3. PRONOUN
•
Types
→ day → days
child children
man -> men
Personal, Possessive, Reflexive,
Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative,
Indefinite
Examples: I, we, he, she, it, they, mine, ours,
this, that, who, which, some, any, one, etc.
• Rule Pronoun should agree in number and
person with its antecedent.
4. VERB
Types (a) Main Verb
(b) Helping Verb
• Forms V' (Present) V2 (Past) V (Past Participle)
.
Examples
•
-
go went
write
-
gone
-
wrote
-
written
Helping Verbs is, am, are, was, were,
has, have, had, do, does, did, will, shall,
may, might, can, could, etc.
5. TENSES (QUICK LOOK)
+ V³
Example
Tense
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Structure
S+ V¹ / V¹ + s/es
S+ V²
I play / He plays
I played
S+ has/have
S+ had + V³
S+will
S+will have + V³
I have played
I had played
V₁
I will play
I will have played
I am playing
S+ was/were + V*ing
I was playing
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Indefinite
Future Perfect
Present Continuous S+ is/am/are + Ving
Past Continuous
6. ADJECTIVE
Describes a noun or pronoun.
Types: (a) Quality (b) Quantity (c) Number
(d) Demonstrative (e) Possessive
• Position: Usually before the noun.
Examples good, tall, nine, this, my, some.
7. ADVERB
• Describes a verb, adjective or another adverb.
•
Types: (a) Manner (b) Place (c) Time
(d) Frequency (e) Degree
Examples quickly, here, today, often, very.
Position: Usually before the verb.
8. PREPOSITION
• Shows relation between a noun/pronoun and
another word.
• Examples: in, on, at, by, for, with, about, from, to.
• Preposition + Object (Noun/Pronoun)
He is sitting on the chair.
9. CONJUNCTION
• Joins words, phrases or clauses.
•
:
Types: (a) Coordinating and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
(b) Subordinating because, although, if, since, when
(c) Correlative either...or, neither...nor
Example: I study hard but I don't pass.
10. ARTICLES
• Two types a, an, the
Use 'a' before a consonant sound.
Use 'an' before a vowel sound.
Use 'the' for specific person or thing.
Examples a book, an hour, the sun.
11. MODALS
• Modals can, could, may, might, shall, should,
will, would, must, ought to, need, dare
• Use: They show ability, permission, possibility,
obligation, etc.
Example: You should respect your parents.
12. COMMON GRAMMAR RULES
Subject and Verb should agree in number.
(He is / They are)
->
Use I am, He/She/It is, You/We/They → are
Use do/does/did in questions and negatives.
✓ Use 's/es' with he, she, it in Present Indefinite.
Use not after helping verbs.
Be careful with spellings and punctuation.
TIPS TO REMEMBER
*Read daily.
Practice writing sentences.
Solve grammar exercises.
Learn rules with examples.
Revision is the key to perfection!