ページ3:

suspect
① 怪しいと思う、うたがう
in terms of
~に特有のことばで
~によって(by
means of)
への点から
at all
否定
全然、少しも
fix
①他(日)
~にしっかり固定する、~をとりつける
foundation
upon
建設(すること)しせつ、土台
onに同じ
impose
他
~を課す、~を押しつける
⑩ stickのVpVpp くっつける
stuck
動かない、抜け出せない

ページ4:

occational
時々の
L
destruction
annoy
破壊
特別な場合のための
他
いらいらさせる
offend
heaven
determine
他への感情を害する ~を傷つける
天(ふつうthe~s)
①他 発見する決定する
even
less
(否のあと)いわんや(でない)
SOW
①(種をまく
harvest
① 収穫する
state
はっきり述べる
previous
前の(限)
(the ~)直前の
definite
#一定の明確な
mankind
人類(=humankind)
Solstice (requinox)
至げしのレー
motivate
①他 (人)に~を与える、やる気おこさせる

ページ5:

5/17(3)
第3問 次の英文を読んで, 下の設問に答えよ。
(The following essay, written at the end of the 19th century, reports
on Japanese eating habits at that time.)
Like most other nations, the Japanese eat three meals a day, one in
the morning when they wake up, one at noon, and one at about sunset.
Basically the same kind of food is eaten at all of these meals, but
breakfast is lighter than the other two. The main food is rice, which is
replaced by barley or some other less expensive grain in the poorer
country areas. They usually eat their rice with fish and egg dishes, and
small portions of vegetables, either fresh or *pickled.
as
do Italians
そのほか一度も
Japanese people like fish,
Buddhism has left its impression here, (1)as on everything else in
Japan. Under the influence of Buddhism, meat-eating stopped over a
thousand years ago. Permission to eat fish, although that too *entailed
taking life, (2) which is contrary to strict Buddhist laws, has been granted
in recognition of (3) human weakness. Creative merchants, moreover,
(4) came to the rescue. One may now even see the term "mountain whale"
(yama kujira) written above certain restaurants, which means that deer
meat is for sale there. The logical process is this: for the Japanese, a
whale is a fish. Fish may be eaten. Therefore, if you call deer meat
"mountain whale," you may eat it. Of course no actual law that prohibits
eating flesh, such as existed under the old Tokugawa government, exists
now. But the custom of avoiding (5) it still remains common; and though
beef and pork were introduced at the time of "the Meiji Restoration, their
popularity soon diminished. (6) The same is true for bread, which was
popular among the lowest class in 1890. (7) The piles of loaves then
displayed in every little restaurant in Tokyo have vanished and been
replaced by food of the orthodox Japanese type. Probably the poor quality
of the bread, and the nasty way in which the meat was cooked, had much
to do with this (8) return to the original diet.
The main drinks are tea, which is taken without sugar or milk, and
sake, an alcoholic liquor prepared from rice, the taste of (9) which has
been compared to that of weak sherry that has been kept in a beer bottle.
They generally take it hot, and at the beginning of dinner. Only when the
drinking-bout is over, the rice is brought in: at a long dinner one is likely
never to get to eat it. When dining quietly in the home, the Japanese
habitually drink tea only. Besides that drunk out of a cup, it is usual to
have a little poured over your last bowl of rice.
(10) Japanese dishes fail to satisfy European appetites. Imagine a diet
without meat, without milk, without bread, without butter, without jam,
protend
しみ

ページ6:

for a while
without coffee, without salad or any sufficient quantity of nicely cooked
vegetables, without puddings of any sort, and with little fresh fruit! The
European vegetarian will find almost as much difficulty in making a good
meal as the ordinary meat-eater will. The food is clean, admirably free
from grease, and often pretty to look at. But try to live on it - no! The
Japanese, born and raised with such food, prefer their own rice and other
dishes for their daily meals. At the same time, (11) they by no means
object to an occasional dinner in European style, and their appetite on
such occasions is unbelievable.
(注)*pickled=酢や塩に漬けられた *entail = (行為などを) 伴っている
*the Meiji Restoration = **
refrain
enforce
ratend

ページ7:

第4問 次の英文を読んで,下の設問に答えよ。
Every year, enormous numbers of people in Europe celebrate New
Year's Eve, or New Year's Day, and, while doing this, often feel that some
event that (1) affects the whole universe, or something like an eclipse,
must be occurring at that important hour of midnight. They leave their
houses to walk or dance through the streets, often carrying alcohol with
them, which they offer to one another to drink, and drink themselves.
And they seem to be (2) motivated by an emotion that must be, one
suspects, like the feelings of the people who built *Stonehenge, and at
last watched the light of the sun first strike its most important stone, at
dawn on Midsummer's Day.
But (3) New Year's Eve and Midsummer's Day cannot really be
compared. Midsummer's Day - the day that marks the middle of summer
- is a point in time that can be measured in terms of astronomy. For it is
the summer solstice: the day on which the sun rises highest above the
half of the Earth from which the sun's height is measured. Thus,
Australia's Midsummer's Day is England's Midwinter's Day. On the other
hand, (4) the hour of midnight on the 31st of December is, in terms of
astronomy, nothing at all. (5) It has no more natural importance than
Christmas Eve, or the start of the school year. It is entirely man-made.
Different cultures have very different ideas about when the New Year
starts. Like Japanese, most Europeans and Americans think it starts on
the 1st of January. Jews have their own day, somewhere between the 5th
of September and the 7th of October. "Muslims have a year lasting only
354 days and 8 hours; and therefore (6) their own New Year's Day is even
less fixed than that of the Jews. The ancient Greeks thought that all new
years began in the autumn. Other cultures believed, and some still
believe, that (7) the spring *equinox is a more reasonable beginning; and,
for centuries, this was thought to be a lucky time at which to start on
fresh projects be those marriages, elections, wars, or the laying of
foundation stones to new buildings.
-
It was, however, *Julius Caesar ((8) who hit upon the 1st of January,
that date (9)being the first day of the first month after the northern
winter solstice. Until then, the Roman year had begun on the 1st of
March, this being the first day of the month containing the spring
equinox. *The Celts had had the same idea; but the Romans, as they
conquered almost all of Europe and Northern Africa, so strongly imposed
the idea (10)that the year began with January that (11) much of the world
is still stuck with it, even today.

ページ8:

In this way, human beings have had a lot of trouble in trying to 'date
the start of the New Year': that is to say, to decide on what day a year
begins, and for how many days and parts of a day it continues, before the
next year begins.
(注)
*eclipse (A)
*Stonehenge=ストーンヘンジ (英国南部にある古代先住民族の環状巨石群遺跡)
*summer solstice = *Muslims = 125 A*spring equinox=
*Julius Caesar = ジュリアス・シーザー (ローマの将軍, 政治家, 歴史家)
*the Celts=ケルト人
"destruction
(2) annoy
inspire
ラスト
state (v)
previous
definite