ページ3:

and other family members, and their contributions to family work are varied,
consequential, and apparently commonplace.
3 The invisibility of aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews, as well as
relationships among adult siblings more generally, in the field of family studies
contrasts sharply with the lived experience of actors who know quite clearly the
importance of each to the other. Family members rather commonly talk among
themselves, visit, phone, e-mail, circulate family photos in person or via websites,
and celebrate holidays, birthdays, and anniversaries. In their contacts, they
share news and gossip, and all of this occurs across households of grandparents,
parents, adult siblings (some of whom are single), and close friends, including
coworkers. To be sure, not all families are in frequent communication, but then
not all exist as isolated households. One need only recall travel patterns: on
major North American holidays to confirm this.
(B)
In one curious instance, the everyday and academic discourse on families
fuses implicit acknowledgment of what aunts and uncles typically do and how
these positions are commonly understood. The Aunties and Uncles Cooperative
Family Project Ltd. is a program developed to service disadvantaged children in
Sydney, Australia. The program matches adult volunteers with children typically
from single-parent families headed by women. The adult volunteers agree to
spend one weekend per month with their assigned child and are expected to help
build the child's self-esteem and confidence. Volunteers become mentors to
parents as well. The program staff refers to volunteers as aunties and uncles
(C)
and the children who are served by the programas nieces and nephews. At least
some of the volunteers come to think of the families (they are assigned to as
ns for
(3)
extensions of their own families. That is, they regard themselves as aunts or
uncles and the children as nieces or nephews. As one adult volunteer remarked,
"We have become family and would continue to be, even if the program ceased to
exist." At least some of the families served agree: "With all we receive from the
auntie, we feel she and her family is like a family to us."
-
5

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5 The Aunties and Uncles Program is unusual in several respects. First, by
labeling the volunteers as aunties and uncles, the organizers are implicitly
identifying a meaning or definition of these family positions aunts and uncles
mentor children and children's parents. In doing so, the organizers recognize
what family scholars have often overlooked- the integral role aunts and uncles
(4)
can play in family life. Second, the organizers assume a comnion meaning to
aunting and uncling that parents and children will recognize, and in this way
implicitly define a common culture of aunting and uncling. Third, the program
facilitates the social construction of kinship, what we might call chosen or fictive
D
kin. Volunteers may come to view themselves as chosen kin, or as uncles and
aunts connected by virtue of their responsibilities to parents and children rather
than ties of blood or marriage; serviced families may come to regard their
assigned providers as being like kin. In this way, chosen kin are created through
a deliberate intervention program that implicitly recognizes a definition of what it
means to be an aunt or uncle and applies such labels to participants. In ordinary
family life. the positions of aunt and uncle may be rooted in relational ties of
blood or marriage, or they may be rooted in ties of friendship, shared
expectations, and values. Just as we sometimes regard a close friend as like a
brother or sister, we may come to regard such a friend as a chosen uncle or aunt.
(Adapted from Robert M. Milardo, The Forgotten Kin: Aunts and Uncles)
問1 下線部(A) を日本語に訳しなさい。
問2 下線部 (B) が指す内容を日本語で述べなさい。
問 3. 下線部 (C) を日本語に訳しなさい。
問4 下線部(D)の「選ばれた親族,仮想の親族」とは何か,本文に即して日本語で
説明しなさい。

ページ5:

(A)
We have no common terms.
by which (to describe our expectation of aunts and uncles]
and
or
I their typical activity.
differentiate them from the expectations]
+
and
activities
I grandparents!
1
of other family members such as parents
or
(B) The
program
staff refers to volunteer
watter and and
and
volunteers Ŏ aunties and uncles. Idien
and
the children (who are served by the program)
nieces and nephews.
(as)
At least some of volunteers come to think of the
are
the families (they
assigned to) as extentions of.
their own families.

ページ6:

問5 下線部(1)~(4)の意味として最も適切なものを,それぞれ与えられた選択肢
から選び、記号で答えなさい。
(1) resilient:
(ア) changeable
伸縮性のある (2) friendly
(2) lamented over:
(ア) approved willingly
嘆く
(ウ) regretted deeply
(エ)
(3) mentors:
(ア) biological relatives-
指導者、メンター(ウ) financial supporters
(4) integral: pi
(ア) essential
なくてはならない(ウ) laughable
不可欠な、
(1) efficient
(s) tough
(1) felt relieved about
respected highly
(イ) dependable advisers
(エ) mental abusers
(イ) faint
(I) strange

ページ7:

II 次の英文を読み,下の問いに答えなさい。
How did life begin? I think this is one of the two most interesting questions
in science, and the most important question in the history of human thought.
How did the Universe begin? I think this is the other interesting scientific
question, but we know less about it at the moment. There are speculative
theories that suggest the Universe could be eternal, and that there was no
beginning. If this is the case, then the Universe has always existed and the
question is answered: it didn't begin. Whether or not this would be a satisfying
answer is up to you. I'd be comfortable with it.
(that)
Regardless of what happened at the beginning of time we know there was
period 13.8 billion years ago when the part of the Universe that
today containing over 350 billion large galaxies and with a diameter of over 90
we can see
billion light years, was compressed into a region of space smaller than a single
atom.
atom. No life could have existed in such extreme physical conditions, so even if
the Universe existed in some form before the Big Bang, it's safe to say that no
complex physical structures would have made it through. The observable
Universe must therefore have lacked life at some point in the past, and life must
have begun spontaneously somewhere within it, at some point during the last
13.8 billion years. The word "spontaneously" is worth defining here, because it
crops up a lot in discussions about the origin of life. In saying that life appeared
spontaneously, we are asserting that life is a physical process that emerged as a
result of the action of the laws of Nature. If we say that the Earth formed
spontaneously, we mean that nobody built it; by saying that living things
appeared spontaneously, we mean the same thing.
3 The first atomic nuclei formed in the initial minute or so following the Big
Bang, and the first atoms formed in large numbers when the Universe was
380.000 years old. The first stars ignited around 100 million years later, and
these assembled the first carbon atoms. It is unlikely that the rich chemistry of

ページ8:

life could have begun spontaneously without carbon, oxygen and a handful of the
heavier elements beyond the hydrogen and helium atoms that existed before the
stars. Life could have got going anywhere in the Universe after this time, and
may very well have done so; we don't know.
第4段落
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
5 Nothing that we've said in these opening paragraphs is controversial from a
scientific perspective, but there is one assumption we'll make which is at least
contestable. We will assume that life began on Earth, rather than arrived here
from space. Since we have discovered no life on planets beyond Earth, this is
reasonable, but it is possible that life began on Mars, or perhaps even on comets
in the outer Solar System, and was delivered to Earth by impacts from space.
This theory is known as panspermia. Unlikely as it may sound, it is a testable
theory, and that puts it firmly in the realm of science.
(B)
6 It is certainly possible that we could discover life on Mars over the next few
decades, and if the microbial Martians share our biochemistry and our genetic
code, we might be forced to assume a common origin on either planet, or perhaps
somewhere else in the Solar System. This would make the search for the origin
of life more difficult, because it is far easier to explore our own planet's deep
history than it is to explore the history of another world. The only way to find
out is to do the science, and this is one of the reasons why we send spacecraft to
Mars and the potentially life-supporting moons of Jupiter and Saturn. It goes
without saying, however, that we shouldn't stop searching for the origin of life on
Earth while we build spacecraft to search for life beyond it.
0

ページ9:

Under the assumption that life began on Earth, it must have been the case
that the basic chemistry of life existed on our planet before living things
emerged, and that sometime and somewhere chemistry became biology There is
(C)
no precise definition of what "becoming biology" means, but it is worth
emphasizing that biology is just a word for very complex chemistry. Living
things are constructed from the same set of chemical elements as nanimate
things, and they obey the same laws of Nature. In this sense we can assert that
the Earth is our ancestor and creator, and we would like to know how, where and
when the transition from geochemistry to biochemistry occurred.
(Adapted from Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen, Forces of Nature)
問1 下線部(A) を日本語に訳しなさい。
問2 下線部(B) が指す内容を日本語で述べなさい。
☆ 問3 下線部(C)はどのようなことを意味しているか,本文に即して日本語で答え
なさい。
4 第4段落に次の(ア)~(エ)の文を入れるとき,それらをどの順序で並べるのが
最も適切か、該当する解答欄に記号で答えなさい。
(7) There is good evidence that life had gained a foothold on Earth around
3.5 billion years ago, and possibly much earlier-we'll discuss this
evidence later.
(1) Therefore, we will assume that Earth was once a lifeless world, and that
living things appeared at some point in the first billion years after its
formation.
(The Earth formed 4. 54 billion years ago out of the cloud that had
emerged around the young Sun.
(I) It is safe to assume that there was no life on Earth in the early years
following her formation; the conditions were too violent and changeable.
7.2.9.9.
10
◇M4(576-38)

ページ10:

(A) Regardless of what happened at the beginning of time.
we
know (that) there was a
period 13.8 billion years ago
when the
part
of the Universe that we can see today,
containing over 350 billion.
large galaxies
with a diameter of over 90 billion.
(and)
light years.
was compressed into a
region of space
smaller than a
single
atom

ページ11:

II 次の Emina と Luke の会話について,下の問いに答えなさい。
Emma: You're looking pretty tired this morning. Your eyes are bloodshot. Is
everything OK?
Luke: I'm fine. I was up late last night watching a documentary. It was the
life story of Thomas Edison. It was so ( ) ) that I couldn't turn it off. I
watched it from beginning to end and finally went to bed after midnight.
Emma: I don't know much about Thomas Edison other than the fact that he
was a productive inventor. Isn't he most famous for inventing the lightbulb?
Luke: Actually, Thomas Edison didn't invent the lightbulb. He simply ( 2 )
it. Lots of scientists before him had been working on electrical lighting, but
Edison found a way to make it more practical. But you're right. Edison was
a famous inventor. In fact, he is credited with over one thousand patents.
Emma: That's impressive. He must have had a great imagination to come up
with that many original ideas during his lifetime.
Luke: He was more than just imaginative. According to the documentary, he
was hard working. He ( ) ) himself to his work. He knew that having a
good idea was not enough. It took a lot of effort and persistence to succeed.
Emma: Wow. You seem very passionate about his life story. So, what did you
like most about the documentary?
Luke: I don't know. I guess I liked the way he was able to change the world
with his inventions. It got me thinking about the different inventions that
1576-40)

ページ12:

have changed our lives. What do you think is the most significant invention
over the last one hundred years or so?
Emma: I guess I would say it's the Internet. I can't imagine life without it. It
cuts down on time and effort to get information. And it enables us to
connect with others easily. I truly believe that it has made the world smaller
and more accessible. I rely on it for everything from online shopping to
streaming my favorite shows. I doubt I could go a day without it. In fact,
just this morning I've already used it to check the weather forecast, send a
homework assignment to my professor, chat with a friend, write a few e-
mails, and book a pair of tickets to the movies tonight. What would I do
without it?
(3)
Luke: I see your point. I've probably accessed the Internet a half dozen times
myself this morning, including searching for a solution for red and itchy
eyes.
Emma: How about you? What do you think is the most life-changing invention
in the last one hundred years?
Luke: Let me think. I would say that the invention of the airplane has had the
biggest impact on society. Can you imagine how hard it was to get from
place to place before there were planes? You said that the Internet has
made the world smaller and easily accessible. But how about airplanes?
Well before the Internet was invented, airplanes were making the world
more connected and globalized. Instead of driving for hours and days, or
sailing for weeks and months, people could get to their destinations quicker,
and visit places they've only dreamed about. Thanks to airplanes, I'm sure
tourism has boomed, creating new businesses all over the world. And
13
-

ページ13:

besides helping tourism, I'm sure airplanes are helping the economy in
Planes have made products and services immediately
countless ways.
available. In fact, I'll bet you that the eye drops 1 ordered online this
morning will be at my door tomorrow thanks to overnight delivery!
Emma: Maybe you should consider more sleep instead of relying on eye drops.
Luke: I'll keep that in mind.
問1 本文中の空欄 ①〜③に入る最も適切な語を、それぞれの選択肢(ア)~(エ)の中
から1つ選び、記号で答えなさい。
2) disgusting
fascinating
(f) exhausting
(1) revolting
2) conceived
(1) deteriorated G) identified
(I) improved
3) devoted
(1) focused
() labored
(I) spent
問2 次の(1)~(5)から本文の内容と合うものを2つ選び、記号で答えなさい。
(1) Both Emma and Luke feel the world has become more and more
exclusive thanks to the inventions of airplanes and the Internet.
(2) According to Luke, after Edison's invention of the lightbulb, people's
lives were more connected.
"
((3) Emma believes that her life would be unmanageable without the
Internet.
(4) Luke's reasons for selecting the airplane as one of the most life-
changing inventions include his belief that they have boosted world
economies and created more opportunities for inventors.
5) Both Luke and Emma have utilized the Internet multiple times prior to
⑥
their morning conversation.

ページ14:

問3 次の指示に英語で答えなさい。
Point out one invention from the past other than those mentioned in the
passage, and explain how it changed, or has changed, people's lives.

ページ15:

ⅣV 次の文章を読み, 下線部(A), (B) を英語に訳しなさい。
日本の若者たちが外国旅行をしなくなったと言われて久しい。それもあって、私
のような者にまで、もっと外国を旅せよという「檄」を飛ばしてもらえないかといっ
Ove reasonた依頼が届くようになった。だが、申し訳ないけれど、そうした依頼はすべて断る
therefore / This led to
ことにしている。
W
からである
ひとつには、私も若いとき、年長者の偉そうな「叱咤激励」が鬱陶しいものと思え
いた。だから自分が齢を取っても, 絶対に若者たちに対するメッセージなどを発
「しないようにしようと心に決めたということがある。
った
うっとう
made cy my mind-to.
もうひとつ、旅への関心にはさまざまな段階があると思えるのだ。 近いところか
ABI
ら少しずつ遠いところに関心が向かっていくというのも珍しいことではない。た
と、いまは日本国内に留まっていても、何かのきっかけがありさえすれば、いつ
か異国への関心が芽生えるだろう。
For another
Another E
B
The other reason
(沢木耕太郎「絵馬の向こう側」より一部変更)

ページ16:

(A) One reason is that when I was young
as a
I found it irritating.
myself irritated
I myself found arrogant.
young person
" scolding and encouragement?
by elderly people.
Lelders
Therefore, I made
up my
mind never to
[give any advice
make any suggestion to young people.
appeal
Influence
when I
Lafter
old
goane
became older
grew
becoming
old

ページ17:

(B)
P.
TITLE
DATE
SUBTITLE
for another, I think our interest in travel has many stages..
Moreover
There are several stages when it comes.
To
a
person's interest in
traveling
It is not unusual that it changes little by little.
from nearby places to more distant places.
Fareway
Purther]