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42021年度 英語
|英語|
(120)
慶應義塾大 総合政策
慶應義塾大 総合政策
(注意)
・「外国語選択者」は,問題Ⅰ~ⅢIIの全間を解答すること。
●「数学および外国語選択者」は、問題IIおよび数学の問題I・V・Vを解答すること。
・問題Ⅰは英語・ドイツ語・フランス語のいずれかひとつの言語だけを選択して解答 (ドイツ
フランス語は省略)。
re
再び
Instate 「任ずる」
maste
名称化
within 14 days or 90 days); money (whether or not you get a full [37](1.
2021年度 英語 5
statement 2. rein/bursement
3. reassessment)); effort (whether you must provide a receipt or other famms); scope (whether even sale
merchandise is eligible for return); and exchange (whether you're limited to getting store credit for your
反
return).
One surprising finding: More lealengy on time limits is associated with a reduction not an
177
increase in returns. This may seem [38] (1. inconvenient (2. self-evident counterintuitive), but
researchers say it could have varying explanations. Ryan Freting, who conducted the research alongside
Narayan Janakiraman and Holly Syrdal, said that this is perhaps a result of what's known as "endowment
授か
effect."
触れるほど
That would say that the longer a customer has a product in their bands, the more attached they 手をふれれば
feel to it" Freling said. Plus, the long timeframe creates less urgency around the decision over whether る
英語Ⅰ
次の文章に関して、空欄補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。 まず、 [31] から [40] の空所を見る。
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切な語を1から3の中から選び、その番号を解答欄 (31) から (40)
にマークしなさい。 次に、 内容に関する [41] から [45] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。 そのうち、 文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (41) から
(45) にマークしなさい。
クリスマスプレゼント
クリスマスプレゼント droves to trade in an il-fiting sweater from grandma or to unload the second and third Frozen doll that |
January is prime time for returng in the retail industry, the month where shoppers show up in
返し買い方について
返品
showed up under the Christmas tree/ This post-Christmas/[31](1. ceremony 2. ritual 3. lineage) has
always been costly for reariters, comprising a large share of the $284 billion in godis that were returned
in 2014 But pow it is 13210 Auitable 2. arguably 3. publicly) becoming more urgent for the industry
SUP
to think carefully about retum policies, as analysts say the rise of online shopping is bringing with
[33] (1-Crest 2.plunge 3. surge) in returns.
殺到、急増
">
の撤回
132 The return rate for the industry overall is about & percent,
増加
返品
お返しするホリジ
時間
金額
scope.範囲
交換
. but analysts say that it is likely
significantly higher than that online, since shoppers are purchasing goods without seeing them in person
or trying them on. Against thare backdrop 2. backtrack) 3. backlash), researchers at the University.
of Texas-Dallas sought to get a better handle on how return policies affect shopper behavior and in
1351. Spirit 2. vain 3. num), whether lenient policies such as offering a lengthy period for returns
actually helpg or hurts a retailer's business.
P V seekの過
③ Overall, a lenient return policy did indeed correlate with more returns / But crucially, it was even
more strongly correlated with an increase in purchases In other words/ retailers are generally getting a
clear sales benefit from giving customers the [36](1/mpression 2.imposition 3. assurance) of a return.
But of course, not all retum policies are created Equal, and that's where the findings get interesting. The
team examined several potential characteristics of a return policy: time (such as whether you must return
or not to take it back. "Since they don't feel pressure to take it right back to the store, they kind of sit
with it and live with it and say, 'Well it's not that bad"," Freling said.
The researchers found that leniency around the time you have and the amount of money you can
urf get back are most effective in increasing overallsales 13910) Making Getting 3.Taking tigaicer te
Folumn, with no questions asked, for instance, also increases purchases, though not quite as much.
it easy
はどうか?
8
So why does any of this matter? Retailers are desperase to figure out how to curb costly retums
in the era of online shopping. This is why you see then rolling out website features such as apparel fit
predictors, and it's why they're hounding you via e-mail to write a review of your latest_purchase.
They're trying to create an environment in which their customers buy the right thing on the first try But
re-evaluating return policies could be another [40](1) curtain 2. string 3 lever) to pull as they aim to
get this balance right. The UT-Dallas research suggests that it is complex to pinpoint an optimal return
policy. Limits on scope, or what items are eligible for return, were found to be powerful in cutting down
the number of returns, even if they weren't especially effective in raising overall sales. So a retailer
might have to choose what's more important to the business: boosting overall sales or cutting the number
of returns.
①ゼルを押進める数少
The researchers, who conducted a meta-analysis of 21 research studies that together include
11,662 subjects, suggest that retailers might also want to consider creating more complex return policies
that have different rules for different products. "Depending on whether it's a durable good or a
consumable good, whether it's high-fashion or fast-fashion, those different segments of the market have
"different reasons for buying and they have different concerns for risk and quality, Freling said.
Based on Halzack S. (2016). “The surprising psychology of shoppers and return policies," The Washington
Post.
[41] In the 3rd paragraph, the main results of the researchers' findings can be best summarized as
y allowing customers to return items means less profit for non-online stores.

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6 2021 年度 英語
✓ online retailers are required to have return policies.
3. return policies can influence how much a company sells.
4. the characteristics of return policies are generally all the same.
[42] In the 4th paragraph, what was the surprising result?
慶應義塾大 総合政策、
I seven equat
1. Stricter time limits, on return policies led to fewer returns.
Less strict time limits on return policies led to fewer returns.
Stricter time limits on return policies led to no change in returns,
leniency
4. Less strict time limits on return policies led to no change in returns,et bes
[43] What is the "endowment effect" as mentioned in the article?
Touching and seeing products in person makes them harder to return.
2. Receiving things for free makes it harder to give them up.
3. Returning items online
more stressful than returning them in stores.
4. Keeping a purchase is more likely the longer you have it in your possession.
. Keeping
The longer a customer
[44] According to the article, which of the following was mentioned as having an effect on returns but
not sales?
✓ Money:
2. Effort
3 Scope
4. Exchange
[45] According to the 7th paragraph, what is the benefit of writing a review of a product?
1. Reviews help customers make informed choices about their purchases ahead of time.
2. Reviews allow customers to explain why they returned an item.
3 Reviews provide retailers with information about who is buying and returning their products.
✓ Reviews assist retailers in selling only high-quality goods and services.
料やイ
しようとすると
3
慶應義塾大 総合政策
英語Ⅱ
2021年度 英語 7
次の文章に関して、空補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。まず、[46] から [55] の空所を埋
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切な語を1から3の中から選び、その番号を解答欄 (46) から (55)
マークしなさい。 次に、 内容に関する [56]から[60] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。 そのうち、 文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (56) から
(60) にマークしなさい。
When we think of commercial initiatives in space, the question of legal rights for them is very
important. Anyone who invests major sums of money in an activity wants to make sure that they will
not lose their investments because it turns out afterwards that they did not have the right to the resources
hey extract. It is also important to have laws in place that regulate the relations between different
companies from different countries [46](1 borne 2. baffled 3. bound) by different laws in their home
余られる.
countries, buttrying to coexist in space.
2
There are also questions of coexisting with other players with other agendas, such as the scientific
community. It can be expected that space research and commercial space projects will prove to be very
useful for each other. There will, [47](1 therefore 2. however 3. furthermore), also be points of conflict.
One of them will be planetary protection. i.e. measures aimed at avoiding biological [(1) adjustment
✗diversity 3. contamination) resulting from human space activities. We have not yet discovered any
life on Mars or any other extraterrestrial body, but it is not a very controversial assumption that the time
will come for us to exploit the resources on a potentially inhabited world in space, or to establish it as a
tourist destination When this happens, we will see conflicts between those who think that we have
looked for life long enough on the world in question and that it is now time to give the
[49](1. yellow card 2. silver spoon (3. green light) for development, and those who think that there is
still a chance there might be life that we should not endanger.)
give up giveup #155.
It all depends on the values at [50] take 2. length 3. large), of course. If we assume that
から
extraterrestrial life only has value as a study object, it might be very difficult to resist exploitation even
z
価値のみ
if it potentially puts [51] innerndigenous intelligent) life at risk. Economic value is privileged
3的価値
道具的価値
by our society, and when the value of knowledge as such is set against economic value, the former
usually loses.
The latter.
By
An alternative possibility is that extraterrestrial life, in [52](1. service 2. addition 3. debt) to its
'value as a study object, also has economic value. Just like with the value as a study object, this is also a
form of instrumental value: Something has economic value because it can generate money. Can
extraterrestrial life have instrumental value in this way, and what does it mean for the relations between
strobiology, commercial interests, and planetary protection if it does?
Charles Cockell mentions bioengineering as an example. He [53](1. alternate
distinguishes
3. wavers) between the economic value of extraterrestrial life that is related to us compared to if it is not
related to us. This makes good sense. It is easy to imagine that a microbe that is genetically well adapted
技術として応用したい
10 DODG
) 1869.g
道具的
(超)値)

ページ5:

d some
6 2021 年度英語
Xonline retailers are required to have return policies.
3. eturn policies can influence how much.a.company.sells.
4. the characteristics of return policies are generally all the same.
[42] In the 4th paragraph, what was the surprising result?
慶應義塾大 総合政策
慶應義塾大 総合政策
英語Ⅱ
In seven equat
1. Stricter time limits, on return policies led to fewer returns.
Pess strict time limits on return policies led to fewer returns.
XSuricter time limits on return policies led to no change in returng
A. Less strict time limits on return policies led to no change in returnsy
3] What is the "endowment effect" as mentioned in the article?
Terency
M Touching and seeing products in person makes them harder to return to
-2. Receiving things for free makes it harder to give them up:
3. Returning items online is more stressful than returning them in stores.
4. Keeping a purchase is more likely the longer you have it in your possession.
The londer a customer
the
[44] Accordinglo the article, which of the following was mentioned as having an effect on retums but
not sales?
JeMoney
Scope
4. Exchange
[45] According to the 7th paragraph, what is the benefit of writing a review of a product?
1. Reviews help customers make informed choices about their purchases ahead of time.
keyiews allow customers to explain why they returned an item.rakute
Q Reviews provide retailers with information about who is buying and returning their products.
Reviews assist retailers in selling only high-quality goods and services..
the pa
what i
vida
2021年度 英語 7
次の文章に関して、空欄補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。 まず。 [46] から [55] の空所を埋
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切なを1から3の中から選び、 その番号を解答欄 (46) から (55)
マークしなさい。 次に、内容に関する [56]から[60] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。 そのうち、文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (56) から
(60) にマークしなさい。
When we think of commercial initiatives in space, the question of legal rights for them is very
important. Anyone who invests major sums of money in an activity wants to make sure that they will
not lose their investments because it turns out afterwards that they did not have the right to the resources
hey extract. It
t is also important to have laws in place that regulate the relations between different
Jcompanies from different countries [46](1 borne 2. baffled 3. pound) by different laws in their home
tountries, buttvying to coexist in space.
余られる。
?
There are also questions of coexisting with other players with other agendas, such as the scientific
_community. It can be expected that space research and commercial space projects, will prove to be very
ペース useful for each other. There will, [47] (1therefore 2. however 3. furthermore), also be pols of conflict.
One of them will be planetary protectina, ie, measures aimed at avoiding biological [48](1) adjustgent
✗diversity 3. contamination) resulting from human space activities. We have not yet discovered any
開
勃発するだろう
3
標としての
価値のみ
終的価値
道具的価値
life on Mars or any other extraterrestrial body, busit is not very controversial assumption that the time
will come for us to exploit the resources on a potentially inhabited world in space, or to establish it as a
tourist destination When this happens, we will see conflicts between those who think that we have
looked for life long enough on the world in question and that it is now time to give the
[49](1. yellow card 2. silver spoon 3. green light) for development, and those who think that there is
still a éhance there might be life that we should not endanger.)
give up giveup 青信号
It all depends on the values at [50] take 2. length 3. large), of course. If we assume that
extraterrestrial life only has value as a study object, it might be very difficult to resist exploitation even
if it potentially puts [51](yinger Andigenous intelligent) life at risk. Economic value is privileged
by our society, and when The value of knowledge as such is set against econornic value, the former
usually loses.
The latter.
An alternative possibility is that extraterrestrial life, in [52](1. service 2. addition 3. debt) to its
`value as a study object, also has economic value. Just like with the value as a study object, this is also a
form of instrumental value: Something has economic value because it can generate money. Can
extraterrestrial life have instrumental value in this way, and what does it mean for the relations between
どんな意味をもったstrobiology, commercial interests, and planetary protection if it does?
Charles Cockell mentions bioengineering as an example. He [53](1. Alternate distinguishes
3. wavers) between the economic value of extraterrestrial life (that is related to us compared to if it is not
related to us. This makes good sense. It is easy to imagine that a microbe that is genetically well adapted
技術として応用したい
4. DAL
(
SCAGLET LOO

ページ6:

82021年度 英語
慶應義塾大 総合政策
慶應義塾大 総合政策
もし伝子工学 Go life on another world might contain adaptations that we will want to insert into carth bacteria and use
a poses in such cases, clearly makes things cater they are genetical related if they
area we will be able to transfer the properties in question to earth life by transferring the relevant genesy
heir eaterestrial microbes to earth microbes. Interesting properties [54] (4). should 2. mush 3. cpuld)
include the ability to survive high doses of radiation, which might be useful if we want to engineer
microbes to do work inside a nuclear reactor, disaster area, or aboard a spaceship travelling from Earth
related
to Mars. An ability to extract energy from the Sun in a very efficient way is another example of a useful
property that might be found in microbial life on worlds further from the Sun.
If we find extraterrestrial life that has value as a resource for bioengineering, the aims of science [54]
and business will actually converge [SS(1/ wwhen since 3. until it comes to planetary protection / But
というとなると
資源として価値があれば1
・科学
in the long run the value of extraterrestrial life as study objects and as resources for bioengineering may
make different demands on the timespan during which they have to be protected. Which type of value
will be more demanding is not possible to say before we have actually found them.
が
でも保護すべき期間の要求は
によって全然違う
価値によっ
>どうちが厳いかた
いかなん測不能
r
esponk
Based on Persson, E. (2018). “A philosophical outlook on potential conflicts between planetary protection,
astrobiology and commercial use of space," Our Common Cosinas: Exploring the Future of Theology. Human
Culture and Space Sciences.
[56] What is the main question about space exploration addressed in this article?
L How will humanity agree upon universal space laws and regulations?
2. How should resource rights on other planets be fairly divided?
3 How should we develop planets that already support life?
[How will scientific interests hinder corporate profitability in space?
[57] Based on the 3d paragraph, what is the likely outcome when scientific and economic goals
conflict?
Sefence is given precedence over economic factors.
2. conomic considerations are favored over science.
Scientific and economic interests are treated equally
It is impossible to say as every situation is different.
[58] What does the author mean by extraterrestrial life being “related to us" in the 5th paragraph?
1. It is an ancestor of the organisms from which we evolved.
2 1 descends directly from Earth's microbial lifeforms.
3. I
shares DNA that is compatible with that of life on Earth.
4. It exists on one of the other planets in our solar system.
[59] What does the author think will happen if scientific and financial goals coincide?
環境は
2021年度英語 9
4. The protection of extraterrestrial life is unlikely to be a goal for both science and business.
16 According to the author, which of these is NOT mentioned as a potential problem with the
commercial exploitation of space?
・絶対書いていない
1. Microbes or viruses from space could cause future pandemics if they are brought back to Earth. 今どき
It is unclear whether companies are legally allowed to profit from resources on other planets. 1
「3. Some people will object to the commercial use of other planets, even if they seem to be lifeless. 2.
ARules and regulations governing commercial space activities for all countries are still needed.
レッ根拠なし
|英語Ⅲ
次の文章に関して、空欄補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。 まず、 [61] から [80] の空所を埋
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切な語を1から3の中から選び、その番号を解答欄 (61) から (80)
にマークしなさい。 次に、 内容に関する [81] から [90] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。 そのうち、 文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (81) から
(90) にマークしなさい。
The modern work environment has provided many benefits to humans in recent history. Our better
health, greater wealth, and superior technology are all products of an intensification and diversification
~を超えて
of labor that started several millennia ago and which\61](1. extended beyond originated from
13.
culminated in the creation of large-scale corporate structures after the Industrial Revolution At the
same time the modern organizational structures that we live and work in have also produced many social
problems such as stress and alienation among employees, inequalities in access to wealth and health
問題 care, crime and overpopulation, and threats to global environmental sustainability.
?
Evolutionary leadership theory argues that this discrepancy between modern and ancestral
ganizational environments is the result of an evolutionary mismatch, All organisms, animals and
あるときには良かったな
plants, possess physical and behavioral traits that have been passed down through generations. preserved
ミスマッチには愛す
スマッf by natural selection because of their adaptive function in a given environment. Howevers over time
renvironments change, and so all organisms face the risk of finding themselves, perfectly, capped to
deal with challenges that may no longer exist and [62](1-equipped well-equipped
13. over-equipped to deal with a host of new challenges. Traits that were at one time adaptive can be
しない可能
・対処する "mismatchod" to the environmen in which the organisan Gurenity resides Because levolution through
準備 natural selectionig a slow, [63](1, comprehensive 2. revolving 3. cumulative) process, mismatches are
particularly likely if environments undergo rapid change. ボルハ累積による
poupe
1. Conflicts between science and business may occur anyway due to their differing methods.
2. Science and business will have to coordinate their agendas to increase profitability.
間も同
3. There will be fierce competition between science and business for bioengineering resources.
Such is the case for humans. The environment that most of us live in is very different from the
environment that our ancestors lived in only sofne 13,000 years ago before the advent of agriculture,
From 2.5 million years ago-when the first hominids appeared in Africa-until the agricultural
revolution, humans lived in relatively small nomadic band societies of around 150 individuals, leading

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祖先
リーダーシップ
10
現化すべる決断する
12 2021年度 英語
慶應義塾大 総合政策
Finally, leadership in the ancestral environment was fluid, distributed, and situational. The
Individual most qualified for the task at band had the greatest influence on collective actions Rarely
would one individual coordinate all group activity and make all group decisions. However, with modern
bureaucracies and formal leadership roles, one individual-the "leader" is responsible for managing
all these functions. Leader [79] (1. responsibility 2. ingenuity ③. versatility) the ability to perform
multiple, even competing, roles-is increasingly associated with leadership effectiveness, but few
12-11-21121131-1 feaders have the range of skills needed to perform such a wide array of duties. This may contribute to
存在しない
→失敗の要因
Kako
the high [8011. failure 2. transfer 3. promotion) rate of senior managers. Modern societies attribute
enormous importance to leadership and often hold leaders personally responsible for organizational
success or failure even if this is not always warranted or fair. Thus, the so-called "romance of leadership"
ko±18)-9)-1--may well be a vestige of our ancestral past
「リーダーシップのロマンス」
→過のなごり
P30 24
負わせている
5 209
-Based on van Vugt, M. and Ronay, R. (2014). Organizational Psychology Review. Ers
81] What does the author mean by "our modern skulls house a Stone Age mind" in the 3rd paragraph?
☑The skull size of modern humans has not changed much from the Stone Age.
☆まんますぎる
2. Our psychology hasn't caught up with the way modern society works.
The gap between physical and mental structures in humans remains large.
4. Our mental capacity has undergone significant changes since the Stone Age.
メンタル?
[82] Give an analogous example of the "mismatch" mentioned in the 3rd and 4th paragraphs based on
the author's account.
While some countries have become wealthier in the past century, many others haven't. X
2. Biologically our emotions are the same across cultures, but how they are received differs dramatically.
3. Being tall is seen as desirable today as it appears to indicate superior strength and status.
4. Formal education does not always guarantee financial or professional success.
[83] According to the author, what is characteristic about the selection of leadership in modern
organizations?
1.
It is exclusively merit-based, with no room for favors from people higher in the hierarchy.
2. Subordinates are often able to replace their leaders when problems occur in the workplace.
3 Lower level managers are selected without consideration of subordinates' opinions.
4. There is often a potential clash of personalities between higher and lower level managers.
[84] Which of the following does NOT fit a concept of formalized leadership as mentioned in the 6th
paragraph?
1. A leader takes responsibility on all matters. 9
2. Long-term status is given to a leader. Oneeds. 昔のリーダーの特徴
3. Leadership is institutionally defined.
4. The band agrees temporarily on a leader.
慶應義塾大 総合政策
2021年度 英語 13
[85] In the 6th paragraph, what does the author mean by "only through persuasion are they able to
emerge as leaders"?
1. All group members can contribute to the selection of a leader and the role they are expected to play.
2. Acting on mutual trust is more important than acting by a hierarchically given order.
3. Leaders talk to their fellow group members directly and secure agreement on important issues.
Demonstrating a shared understanding of a leader's qualification for a specific task is crucial.
あ
186] Based on the author's account, which would be the best practice for leaders in modern times?
1. Cooperate with their subordinates in order to report their successes to superiors and obtain further
promotion.
2. Take on narrow and well-defined jobs so they will be able to obtain the notice and approval of their
superiors.
Establish a good relationship with their superiors and engage with their subordinates to drive
collective action.
4. Keep their subordinates at a distance by creating a clear distinction between their public and private
lives in the workplace.
ts
[87] According to the author, how should a traditional charismatic leader respond when faced with a
political challenge?
1. Utilize media, old and new, to assure their authority to lead the nation.
2. Gather support from the best and brightest among the citizens.
Orient people toward a uniform direction in order to conquer it.
Call a national assembly and listen to the people's voices directly.
[88] According to the article, which is the most relevant factor today for the "leader attribution error"
as mentioned in the 9th paragraph?
⑬Subordinate
ubordinates tend to think that their manager's decisions are motivated by personality.
2.Subordinates think the leader is solely responsible for the success of the section they belong to.
3. Workers misjudge their leader's personality because of a lack of information about their private life.
4. Workers are only interested in the personality of their leader when their well-being is threatened.
[89] What is meant by the "romance of leadership" in the 10th paragraph?
1. Employees often fall in love with reliable and thoughtful leaders.
Employees see leaders as a model for their own success in life.
Leaders hold the fate of their companies in their hands.
4. Leaders who rise through the ranks make for a good story.
運命を担っている.
90 Which of the following would be the best title for this article?
1. Modern leadership: Where has all the charisma gone?
②Evolutionary mismatch explains the difficulty of modern leadership
Prom stable hierarchies to flexible networks in modem leadership
4. Modern leadership: The key to success in multinational corporations
G 2016
10.16

ページ8:

大学 慶應義塾大
科目
英
年度
2021
日付
英語Ⅰ backdrop.それを背景にして
becktrack
撤回
sought
cordate
Seekの過去形
相関
heinstatemen復職
reimbursement払い戻し、
leniency
Counterintuitive 直を返した
endomment #sti!)
desperate
Curb
lever
This
てつ手段
durable 耐
1..1月は返品がちゃめちゃ多い(er).クリスマスプレゼント
全体の返額の多めている
オンラインショッピングでさらに増加議論すべき問題
2. なぜオンラインショッピングにより、冷増加?
・見ず、試さずに買ってしまう。
返品条件が与える影響は?
3.返品と条件
→
相関〇
購入
4.時間(返までの大→返品減少
5.4の理由 長ければ愛着もわいちゃう
6.最も効果的 与えられた時間、取り戻せるお金
7.販売者は返品を抑えようと必死
8.購入するには異なる理由あり→商品ごとに返品条件変えたら?

ページ9:

大学
科目
英語Ⅱ 1.宇宙における商業活動
年度
日付
法的権利(8) あとでその権利を持っていなかったと判明し、
投資を失う
異なる国々異なる企業間の関係を規制しておくことが重要
2.他の目的を持った他の組織と共存
科学的な宇宙の調査業的プロジェクト
対する点もある
(x) 保護
3.1.2は問題となる価値による
(1)研究対象としての価値のみ
→生命を危険にさらす可能性があっては抗えない
科学 <経済的問題
4.(2) 研究文様としての価値+統的価値をもつ
具的価値
どんな意味をもっ?
5.(ex)生物工学
我々に相関するロボット生命体
・さまざまな用途に使用したいと思える適応構造を含む微生物
→相関関係があればさまざまなことを簡単にする
=DNAに互換性があるということ
6.科学的な目標と経済的な目標の一致
→それぞれ異なる要求をし、ビジネス的な争いは絶えない
つまり 短期的な目標は一致しても
長期的には対立があるという可能性を示唆

ページ10:

大学
科目
年度
日付
英語Ⅲ 進化のミスマッチによるリーダーシップの難は
1、現代の職場は多くの利益を生み出した一方で、多くの社会問題も生み出した
2. 進化論的リーダーシップ理論
→進化のミスマッチの結果
時間により環境は変化する→あるときには適応を助けるものが
3.人間におけるミスマッチ
脳の大きさが旧石器時代と一緒
現在ではミスマッチなものに
14. 甘いもの
が幅広く入手できるように
多くの種でこのような
大きな喜びを感じる
ミスマッチがある
一方で健康問題
5.現代社会の問題と心理的側面のミズのデ
リーダーシップ(リーダー選出)。
(トップダウン型 ①ヒエラルキーによる
他社からの引き
6. リーダーシップ出現の過程
ボトムアップ型 あくまでも、集団のみ
一時的で特定の分野にのみ長けている
次の課題は別リーダー
7.評価されるリーダー像
軌道を外れた幹部はこれが欠けている上司を喜ばせるリーダー
8.規模と複雑さ→ミスマッチの要因
部下を喜ばせるより大切

ページ11:

大学
科目
カリスマ的リーダー(過去
年度
部下と親密まるで親族
日付
集団的な企業体と一体化→
集団の願望を内面
調性をそろえる
現代ではカリスマ的リーダーは例外
部下と親密になるのは極めて難しい。
でも、人にやる気を出させるリーダーは最も効果的
9. 昔は公私の区別がリーダーにはなかった
だから今もリーダーの役割
区別が難しい?
その役割をする人
「彼らが適任なのか?」
情報が少ない分、性格などが重要視
今情報はあるがなかなか入らない
↓
上部
一般職ト
あらゆる決定に対して上司に責任を負わせる
ミスマッチが複雑で多層にわたる階級に適応していない
10、リーダーシップ
祖先 流動的、分散型
すべて1人で決断することはない
現代すべてリーダーが決断
しかし、すべてにおいて優れているリーダーは存在しない
失敗の要因
(ex)組織の成功や失敗はリーダーに負わせる
リーダーシップのロマンス

ページ12:

・となる
culminated in 18723
累積による
cumulative
arbivalence
discrepancy
partain Yo
Coociprocity
反対の感情を合わせもついる
差異
人に関係する。
conspire with 陰謀をたくらむ
相互依存
Tdattity with ~と一体化する