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①解決すべき
Ⅱ 次の英文を読んで,以下の設問に答えなさい。
We have a problem to solve whenever we want to do something but lack the
immediate means to achieve it. Most of the goals we reach in our everyday life
・直接的な do not require problem solving because we have a habit or some prior knowledge
解決法がない
that allows us to achieve them. [Getting to work (for example) (requires a series
いつものことならば
一連の流れがある
5545
は到着する。
of decisions and actions that might be quite complex but are generally routine
and executed automatically We know how to start our cars, which route to
drive, and so on. But if the car will not start one morning, or our usual route is
blocked, then we have a problem to solve. Like many real world problems these
are ill-defined, lacking clear procedures or rules for their solution. For example,
if the car will not start, a variety of strategies and solutions may be tried. If the
battery is flat, we may jump-start it from another car. Or we may borrow a car
from a partner or friend, or decide to use public transport.
比較の強調 図1の問題は 2 Il-defined problems may be quite easy for a human to solve but would be
エンピュータには解決不
(A)
well-defined. This means that there is a clear set of rules that can be applied to
next to impossible for a computer, unless it knew all the things that we know.
By contrast, some problems including many studied by psychologists - are
問題がきちんと (6)
定義されていれば
解決可能
72174
get from where you are to where you want to be. Artificial problems usually
(ii)
have this nature. Examples would be an anagram to solve (which we may
encounter in doing a crossword), a sudoku puzzle, or a chess problem which
requires you to find a checkmate in three moves. If a problem is well-defined, a
computer program can in principle be written to solve it.
Problem solving is clearly a key feature of human intelligence. Animals have
generally evolved with fixed behaviour patterns. Some of the things they do may
seem very clever. For example, birds and other animals may migrate thousands
of miles, arriving (usually) in the right place. Honey bees can signal the location
of nectar to their fellow creatures using a sophisticated code. Predator animals
follow complex strategies to trap their prey, and so on. But these behaviours
2
◇M6 (171-99)

ページ4:

環境が変わったときに
いきなり適用するのは
難しい
まったく新しい
have been acquired slowly through evolution and cannot be varied by the
individual animal. If the environment changes, it will not be possible for an
individual to adapt its behaviour. While there is some evidence of intelligent use
of tools to solve novel problems in some animals, the solution of novel problems
(iv)
is what generally marks our species out as different from both animals and
earlier hominids. Neanderthals* had very sophisticated skills in manufacturing
tools and hunting prey, for example- these skills were isolated from each
e-but the
other. Hence, they could not adapt their tool making if different kinds of prey
(B)
1211<able rapidly to adapt the design of artefacts to achieve changing goals, which is
ホモサピエンスは
were encountered. By contrast, our own species, Homo sapiens sapiens**, was
適用してい
だから生き延びた
人間は新しい問題
できる
+問
probably the reason that we are the only hominid species to make it to the
present day.
Human intelligence does not, in the main, rely on behaviour patterns fixed by
(C)
evolution, and nor does it depend on habit learning. Humans can and have solved
a whole range of novel problems, which is why we have been able to develop
such advanced technologies. If we want to understand human intelligence, then
we need to study how it is that humans can solve both ill-defined and well-defined
problems. Not all problems have a uniquely correct solution, but that does not
mean that we should give them up. For example, no human or machine can
guarantee to compute the best chess move in most positions, but they can
certainly identify moves that are much better than others. Our best scientists
チェスでも科学でも同様ert
(c)
are like grandmasters, because science also cannot provide knowledge that is
ertainly true. Even great scientific theories, like Newton's mechanics, can be
later shown to be incorrect or limited in certain respects. In Newton's case, the
inaccuracies cannot be detected in systems moving much slower than the speed
of light, and Newton's physics was close enough to the truth to allow all manner
of technologies to be developed using its principles.
33295
3-
◇M6 (171-100)

ページ5:

*Neanderthals ネアンデルタール人
** Homo sapiens sapiens ホモ・サピエンス・サピエンス, 新人
設問(1) 本文中の下線部(i)~(v)の単語に最も意味の近いものを、(イ)~ (二)から一つ
選び、記号で答えなさい。
(i) prior
(1) precious
(V) previous
(□) premature
profound
(ii) Artificial
(1) Artistic
Man-made
(□) Fake
(E) Simple
(iii) migrate
(1) calculate
() memorize
(□) inhabit it has prep
Ⓒ travel go on
(iv) novel
(1) conventional
() unemotional
(v) guarantee
(1) afford
(□) fictional
unusual
(V) plan
(□) dare
promise
設問(2) 本文中の下線部(a)の意味を日本語で表しなさい。
4
◇M6 (171-101)

ページ6:

設問(3) 本文中の下線部(A)~(C)の語句に最も意味の近いものを, (イ)〜(二)から一つ
選び,記号で答えなさい。
(A) next to
(イ) eventually
(ハ) secondly
(口) nearly
(=) successively
(B) Hence
(イ) Besides
1
(ハ) Nevertheless
(C) in the main
(口) Moreover
Therefore
(4) for the most part
(口) in this case
(ハ) that is to say
(二) to the best of my knowledge
設問(4) 下線部(b) well-defined とはどういう性質を指すか、 本文の内容に則して
日本語で説明しなさい。
設問 (5) 下線部(C) Our best scientists are like grandmasters では,「優れた科学
者はチェスの名人と似ている」と述べています。 なぜそのようなことが言
えるのか,筆者の考えに基づいて日本語で説明しなさい。
設問(6) 本文のタイトルとして最も適当なものを, (イ)~(ヘ)の中から一つ選び, 記
号で答えなさい。
(イ) Artificial intelligence and animal intelligence
(口) How to solve well-defined problems
(ハ) Human problem solving
(1)Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens
(ホ) Newton's mechanics and grandmasters
(へ)Solutions to chess problems
5
-
◇M6 (171—102)

ページ7:

II 「何事もあきらめが肝心」 と言われますが,一方で, 「あきらめなければ,必ず道
は開ける」という言葉もあります。 あなたの考えはどちらに近いですか。 あなたの
過去の経験を1つ挙げて, 70語程度の英文で述べなさい。
。
Go0) (
J

ページ8:

Ⅳ 次の日本文(A)と(B)のそれぞれの下線部の意味を英語で表しなさい。 ただし,(B)で
は、文学部の志願者は(イ)を,文学部以外の学部の志願者は(ロ)を選んで解答しなさ
い。
(A) (すべての学部の志願者)
奥深い
油井にとって宇宙ステーションから見た地球や星々は、想像をはるかに超える
美しさであった。「あの薄い窓を隔てた外側は死の世界なんですね。宇宙の闇は
あまりに深く。そして,その死の世界に言葉にならないほど美しい地球があるん
です。とりわけ私にその感情を呼び起こさせたのは地球を取り巻く大気の薄さ
でした。周囲は真っ暗な死の世界であるのに、地球は生物で満ち溢れている。」
地球の外(我々の外
特に~なのは
あふ
(B)
(イ)(文学部の志願者)
言葉は必ず,誰かから習っているのであって,その人だけのユニークな部分
は,ほぼゼロなのです。 使う言葉も、だいたい辞書に載っているような,決
まった意味のものを使うことになっている。 文法も、ほかの人がわかるように
言わなければならないから, 特に変わったところはない。語彙も文法も,その
人だけの独自なところは,まあ, ないのです。 誰でも言いそうなことばかり毎
日言っているのに、なぜ, その人独自のユニークさが現れているのだろう。
(口)(文学部以外の学部の志願者)
ごい
自分が読みたい本を読む、 これが私の読書の鉄則ですが、 その際に,間口を
できるだけ広くしておいたほうがいいとも思っています。
まぐち
けつまず
本との出会いは,ある種, 宝物を掘り出すようなものです。 宝はどこに埋
まっているかわかりません。 いつもと違う道を歩いていて, 石ころに蹴躓いて
倒れたら,そこに宝が落ちていたなんてこともあるかもしれない。それゆえ、
少しでも興味のある分野の本なら、当面の仕事や勉強に役に立たなくても、ま
ずは手に取ってみるくらいに「心を開いていること」が大切です。
-7-
It is
◇M6 (171—104)
possible that
Therefore
Hence.

ページ9:

(A) The darkness of [the universe is
Space
[very deep, and (in the dead world)]
death space
Lifeless
there is Earth Hoaring (20) beautifully that it can't be described
I
with the world.
can see the Earth, whose beauty is beyond description.
What makes me feel so impressed (this way) is
made
Stirred
my
emotion
how thin the air surrounding the earth is
the thin atomospher surrounding the earth
Although space around the Earth is black dead world
we are surrounded
by darkness and
represents
death world
Bur
planet
the Earth.
is full of (millions of) living things.
Lorganism
-2
1. Ader gildegall

ページ10:

(b.) When
you are
aire walking
on a
path which
you
don't usually take
a
different route
and accidentary
you
you would (probably) stumble over a stone, fall down,
could find treasures
there.
Some treasure
Thus
the
important thing is that
you should be
Hence
Therefore
should be open-minded
[Free from prejudice!
enough to take
even if it is not useful for
you present
work or (topic of study.
Choose
the book out the bookshelf to begin with
[from the genre that interests you at least a little
pick. -a
book up.