ページ3:

a
seen as more of a utilitarian skill the "athletic equivalent of the alphabet," as
the historian Christine Nutton has put it and given that nearly everyone knew
how to swim, women included, it fell outside an exclusively male sphere.
Moreover, swimming was not a spectacular event, like ancient Greek or Roman
boxing or pankration*. And unlike sprints or field events, with their displays
of speed and strength, it was not conducive to spectators. While swimming
may not have been a competitive event, its value as an all-around exercise was
apparently appreciated. Both the ancient historian Pausanias and the writer
Philostratus noted that the four-time Olympic boxing champion Tisandrus
(supplemented his training at the gymnasium (with long-distance swimming: in
Philostratus's words, "his arms carried him great distances through the sea,
training both his body and themselves."
5 Mastering swimming is an essential prerequisite for certain types of
military service today.
(5)
In his treatise on military
training, De re militari*, Vegetius recommends, "Every young soldier, without
exception, should in the summer months be taught to swim; for it is
sometimes impossible to pass rivers on bridges, but both fleeing and pursuing
armies are often obliged to swim over them. A sudden melting of snow or fall
of rain often makes them overflow their banks, and in such a situation, the
danger is as great from ignorance in swimming as from the enemy. The
cavalry as well as the infantry, and even the horses and the servants of the
army, should be accustomed to this exercise, as they are all equally liable to
the same accidents."
6.
r
⑥
"
'
It exerted influence on the training of the military
and nobility up through the nineteenth century. In The Book of the Courtier,
Baldassarre Castiglione endorses the importance of swimming for a gentleman,
citing Vegetius for backup. However, neither author explains how to swim. 16
(5)
世紀になるまで,実用的な水泳の手引書は現れなかった。 Probably, there was
simply not much demand for them.
2

ページ4:

【出典: Hayes, Bill. Sweat: A History of Exercise. Kindle
Bloomsbury, 2022. 出題の都合上、原文の一部に変更を加えている。】
the Laws
「法律」(プラトンの著作)
the Talmud
タルムード(ユダヤ教の口伝説話の集成)
the Torah
トーラー ( 律法)
pankration
Edition.
古代ギリシャで行われた格闘競技
De re militari 「軍事論』(ウェゲティウスの著作)
設問
1.下線部(1)の文意がもっとも適切に通るように括弧内の10語を並べ替え,2番
目,7番目,10番目の語をそれぞれ書き出しなさい。
a time when survival depended
on
learning how to swim
2.下線部(2)を日本語に訳しなさい。
プラトンが無知」の中で述べているようにあえぎ方を知らないことは、読み方を知らな
のと同じくらい無知であること
3. 下線部(3)を日本語に訳しなさい。
明らかにすること。
ただの自称的内容を文脈に即して
水泳が運動会(運動競技会)の種目になかった正確な理由は、
当然ながら古文書では全く述べられていない。
4. 下線部(4)の Tisandrus と水泳との関わりについて, パウサニアスとピロストラ
トスはどのようなことを述べているか。 25字以内 (句読点も含む)の日本語で
答えなさい。
ジムでの練習を補うため、長距離遊泳したこと。
5. 下線部(5) を英語に訳しなさい。
。
It was hat until the sixteenth century that, practical
(16th)
instraction.mannals on swimming appeared.
-3-
!

ページ5:

ない
:
6.
-
に入るもっとも適切
な文を下記の(ア)~(ク)から選び, 記号で答えなさい。 ただし,各記号は1回しか
使用できない。
(7) A similar perspective held true in ancient Egypt, where most people
lived on the Nile or on one of the canals branching from the river.
(1) Among the Greeks, it seems to have been expected that everyone-
=
man, woman, and child-should be able to swim. This.
(3) In this context, historical evidence for people learning how to swim is
limited.
(I) Our earliest recorded evidence of swimming comes in a group of cave
paintings created during the Neolithic period, dating to about ten
thousand years ago.
pictograph..
(*) This was more broadly the case in antiquity.
広範囲に
()Through the centuries, swimming continued to be an important skill
for women.
(+) Vegetius's treatise was translated into Italian French, and German)
during the Renaissance.
() Whereas parents teach their children to ride a bicycle for the sheer
12
(3)
fun of it, for the sense of freedom and independence it brings,
swimming is taught, first of all, as a basic safety measure.
7
I
イ
ア
⑤オ
(16)
1 ±
go to gig
- 4 -

ページ6:

habitat
Ⅱ 次の英文を読み、下記の設問に答えなさい。
population
S120
(*の付いた語は注を参照すること)
| Drifting along ocean currents in their mother's shadow, newborn bottlenose
dolphins* sing to themselves. They create a unique siren of squeaks, known
as a signature whistle. Scientists have likened this to a human name.
(1)
2 In contrast to most mammals, dolphins cannot use voices as their
identifying feature because they become distorted at different depths. Instead of
that, they invent a melody a pattern of sound frequencies held for specific
lengths of time that they use to identify themselves for the rest of their lives.
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can even imitate the whistles of their
friends, calling out their names if they are lost. Additional information, such as
reproductive status, can be conveyed by changing the volume of different parts
比較
of the whistle, not unlike how people emphasize certain words to add
nuance. But how do dolphins decide what to
call themselves? By
'eavesdropping on six dolphin populations in the Mediterranean Sea, researchers
at the University of Sassari in Italy revealed that differences in signature
whistles were mostly determined by their habitat and population size
3
according to
study published in May in Scientific Reports, Sound travels differently in
distinct environments, so dolphins create signature whistles that best suit their
surroundings, say the study authors.
Dolphins living among seagrass, the researchers found, gave themselves a
short, shrill name compared to the baritone sounds of dolphins living in
muddier waters. Meanut small pods displayed greater pitch variation than
larger groups, which may help with identification when the probability of
repeated encounters is higher.
4 But not all scientists view
and group
size as the main drivers of
signature whistles. Jason Bruck, a biologist at Stephen F. Austin State
University, believes that ( ② play a crucial role. He points to a study of
social factors
5 主語より

ページ7:

sociability
Social foctors に絞れる
ここから
dolphins living in Sarasota Bay, Florida, where dolphins created unique
signature whistles using inspiration from community members. Crucially, the
dolphins tended to base their whistles on cetaceans* that they spent less time
with. "This avoids the problem of every dolphin being named John Smith"
Bruck says.
(2)
ありきたりの名前
→個体識別が難しくなる
5 Laela Sayigh, a research specialist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
in Massachusetts, agrees. From her work studying cetacean communication for
over three decades, Sayigh estimates that 30 percent of dolphins' signature
whistles are based on their mother's whistle, while others invent a name that is
nothing like their mom's and closer to that of their
Others still
Sibtings
produce a unique whistle that is distinct from any of their family members.
Marine researchers still do not know why some bottlenoses base their whistles
on family members and others on lesser acquaintances.
6Sayigh believes that factors such as :( ::④:: C) play a role. For example,
sociability
mothers who interact more with others expose their calves to a greater variety
of signature whistles, giving them more sounds to add to their repertoire.
Demonstrating this in wild populations, ( * ), proves tricky. -1\\\\
however
7 "It's very difficult to figure out what forces are influencing a calf over the
period of signature whistle development, which requires extensive observations,"
watching only a tiny fraction of the actual
are
"You
Sayigh says.
developmental period. [
might not be capturing it."
•
] there is some kind of crucial interaction, you
SV.
While the signature whistles of female dolphins will barely change
throughout their life, male dolphins may adjust their whistle to mirror the
signature whistle of their best friend. Male-male pair bonds are common in
certain populations, and can be stronger than the bond between a mother and
her calf. "We see this in Sarasota all the time," Sayigh says. "These male
) are extremely strong pair bonds where the males are together all the
alliance
(
time and they frequently converge on their signature whistles."
同盟
-
6

ページ8:

独特さよ
cohesion
9 In addition to an individual signature whistle, dolphins may invent a shared
whistle to promote ( 6 ) within their group, Dolphins often broadcast the
Cohesion
group whistle when coordinating their behavior with others, such as foraging
for food and guarding mates.
(0 Brittany Jones, a scientist at the National Marine Mammal Foundation who
specializes in dolphin communication, has studied a group of eight dolphins
非制限用法
that have been trained by the U.S. Navy. Five of the dolphins, who have lived
together for 21 years, shared a group whistle, but they each kept enough
distinctive characteristics to identify themselves.
(3)
11 "These shared whistles, although very similar between dolphins, were
slightly more similar within an individual [ + ] between dolphins," Jones
Compared to
says. This suggests that other dolphins may be able to identify who is making
the whistle, suggesting it conveys both group and individual identity.
2 Like the human equivalent, signature whistles contain a lot of information.
あ
Scientists believe there is still more to unlock,
including whether dolphins use their impressionist skills to deceive and whether
they talk about their friends behind their back. Uncovering the complexity of
how these animals use signature whistles may reveal just how imaginative their
inner world really is. perd
形
イルカの内面の世界がどれだけ想像力豊かなものであるか
→(5)
10
[Barker, Holly. "How Do Dolphins Choose Their Name?" Discover
Magazine, 6 July 2022. 出題の都合上、原文の一部に変更を加えている。】
注
yvind it colab and pelishin W
'bottlenose dolphin バンドウイルカ
cetacean
with a wide d
God in to dwudsagis
クジラやイルカ等の動物 mahaloong-nishien
nt with sss Wir
-7-

ページ9:

設問
1. 下線部(1)について, なぜ科学者たちがそうしてきたのか, 30字以内(句読点も
含む)の日本語で説明しなさい。
鳴き声のパターンで各個体を区別しているということ。
2.[ァ][キ]に入るもっとも適切な表現を選び, 記号で答えなさい。 文
頭に入る場合も小文字で表記してある。 各記号は1回しか使用できない。
(A) according to
(D) if
(G) meanwhile
(B) compared to
(C) however
(E) instead of
(F) like
(H) thus
(I) unlike
7. E 1, I 7. A. I.G FC H.D. F.B
3. ( ① )~( ⑥)に入るもっとも適切な表現を選び, 記号で答えなさい。た
だし,各記号は1回しか使用できない。
(A) alliances le
(B)changes
(D) habitat
(E) independence
(G) sociability
D
② H
(C)cohesion
(F) siblings
(H) social factors in
F+G ⑤A ⑥C
4. 下線部(2)の具体的内容を30字以内(句読点も含む)の日本語で説明しなさい。
皆が同じように発声をし、個体の識別ができなくなる問題。
5. 下線部(3) を日本語に訳しなさい。
そのイルカたちのうち5頭は21年間にわたりともに暮らし
集団特有の口笛を所有していたが、それぞれが個体を識別する
できるくらいの
独特な個性を保っていた。
bunt
Q
Revoltado
+
113

ページ10:

6.空欄
あ
選び, 記号で答えなさい。
に入る一文として最も適切なものを以下から
(A) They allow dolphins to communicate with each other about a variety of
amatters, including food and danger.
(B) They are a method that dolphins use to coordinate their hunting and
mate-guarding activities.
(C) They are used by dolphins to identify family members in various
environments, such as muddy or clear water.
(D) They reflect the dolphins' social status and location, such as the depth
of water.
(E) They reveal dolphins' family ties and friendships, as well as aspects of
their environment.
signature whistles.
家族の絆、友情
lue after viser vi ne bi g
olgo soy the glasses at
flonde woH
To amadant free by sol
Jay to piston to.
9

ページ11:

III Three international students at a university in Japan, Izabel. from Brazil,
Melati from Indonesia, and Oliver from Australia, are queuing up to have lunch
together in the cafeteria. Read the conversation and answer the following
questions.
Oliver:
Strewth! The queue's a bit slow, isn't it? Decided what you're going
to have today, have you, Mėlati? I've got my eye on a double
portion of chicken nuggets to start with, followed by a bowl of
sukiyaki or the pork katsudon set.
Melati:
Wow! Have you got hollow legs?
(1)
Oliver:
食欲盛である
No, it's just that I was late for early morning soccer practice today
and didn't have time for breakfast, so I'm starving.
Melati:
Oh, right. Well, I think I'm going to [
go
] for the vegetable
curry and rice. What are you going to have, Izabel?
Izabel: Well, the tofu salad looks tempting.
Oliver:
Izabel:
Oliver:
Melati:
Tofu? Seriously? sik = disbelief
(a)
Yes, why not?
encouragement
選ぶ
That white, wobbly stuff? Yuck! It looks so bland and unappetizing.
You should try it, Olly. I've had it and it's really delicious,
(b)
especially with the Japanese-style dressing. It's very healthy, too.
You're not both vegetarians, are you?
Oliver:
Melati:
I'm not, no. What about you, Izzy?
Izabel:
Melati:
I'm not yet either, but given the way the world is going, I think
I'm definitely moving in that direction.
You're not the only one. Several of my environmentally-conscious
(2)
friends have turned vegetarian in the last few years.
3(d)
Oliver:
Hold on a second! What has being a vegetarian got to [
with the state of the planet?
do
]
Melati:
処置する。どうにかする
Well, for a start, giving up on meat could do a lot to reduce
11

ページ12:

Oliver:
Izabel:
Oliver:
deforestation, which is a big problem in my country.
You don't []?
Say
マジ!?
Mine, too. Brazil loses a huge amount of its natural forest in the
Amazon every year, and much of the land is used for raising cattle
for beef. I'm getting more and more concerned about the loss of
biodiversity, the soil erosion and desertification, not to mention the
effect it all has on global warming.
Well, maybe, but I play a lot of sport so I need plenty of protein.
And we Aussies (do) [ I ] our barbecues. There's no way I
Love
could stop eating meat.
Melati: Well, perhaps, in a sense, you don't have to.
Oliver:
How [come]?
Melati:
Oliver:
Melati:
どうして?なぜ?
There are several meat substitutes available now, usually made from
plants like soybeans.
Oh no, we're back to tofu again!
No, this is totally different. About a year ago, a big hamburger
chain in my country started selling hamburgers made with soybeans.
They had an amazingly meaty taste and texture and were a huge
hit, especially with young people.
Soybeans, eh? Well, I'm not sure.
Oliver:
Izabel:
How about fungus meat then?
Oliver:
Izabel:
Oliver:
Melati:
Oliver:
confusion
What? You've lost me there. Are you talking about mushrooms or
(c)
something?
I mean mycoprotein. It's a kind of protein that you get from fungi.
Professor Sato was talking about it. in class just the other day, don't
you remember?
irritation
Um, I think I overslept and missed that one.
3:(60)
知っていると思うけど
Oh really, Oliver! You カ your trouble is ...
(d)
All right, all right, you don't need to go on about it, Mel. What
12

ページ13:

Izabel:
Melati:
Oliver:
Izabel:
Melati:
Oliver:
did she say, anyway?
Well, according to Professor Sato, if we could just replace twenty
percent of the world's beef consumption with mycoprotein, we could
halve the destruction of the planet's forests over the next thirty
years.
'cutt
Yes, and it would [+] greenhouse gas emissions by half too.
And you reckon it really is like meat?
Yes. And Professor Sato said that products made with it [1] fill ~up
•fill
食欲を満たす。
you up more than the usual sources of protein like those chicken
nuggets of yours.
Izabel:
Oliver:
(e)
And even though mycoprotein is rich in fiber, it is low in calories
and fat so it is good for people who are on a diet.
Well, in that case, I wouldn't mind giving it a try. Look, there's a
suggestion box for the cafeteria over there. I'll drop a message in
asking them to add some mycoprotein dishes to the menu.
Great idea!
enthusiasm = やる気、熱気
OK, but wait! First things first. The queue's moving, so come on,
grab a tray!'
3

ページ14:

です。
QUESTIONS
open a band f
og som of
1. Which of the options below most closely matches the meaning of Melati's
question to Oliver in the underlined part after (1)? Indicate your answer
by writing ONE alphabet letter on the answer sheet.
(A) Do you always eat so much meat?
(2)
(B) Have you got holes in your legs?
to full of web
(C) How can you eat so much?
どうしてそんなに食べられるのか?
2
(D) What's wrong with your legs?
(E) Why are you so thin?
2. Select the most appropriate word from the list below to match the
emotions expressed by phrases (a) to (e). Answer using the numbers (1) to
(9). Do not use any number more than ONCE.
(1) amusement
(3) confusion
(4) disbelief
(7) envy
a
4
le 5.
C 3
(2) comfort
(5) encouragement
(6) enthusiasm
(8) expectation
(9) irritation m
Suupo A).
e 6
putem was
Domani no
- 14
-

ページ15:

3. Based on the conversation, which TWO of the following can be inferred to
be most likely true?
(A) A hamburger chain in Indonesia invented the protein made from
mushrooms.
(B) Izabel and Oliver have been taking the same class.
(C) Izabel has tried mycoprotein meat and thought that its taste was very
similar to that of regular meat.
((D) Izabel is considering becoming a vegetarian.
(E) Oliver has given his suggestion to the cafeteria.
(F) Oliver thinks that fungus meat is disgusting.
(G) Professor Sato's textbook shows that mycoprotein is nutritious.
(H) The three students are concerned about the environment in their
respective countries.
4. Select the most appropriate word from the list below to fill in the blanks
() to (3). Answer using the numbers (1) to (8). Do not use any number
more than ONCE.
(1) come
(5) go
(2) cut
(6) know
(3) do
(4) fill
(7) love
(8) say
77.8 1.7 7.1 77.6 7.2 7.4
P.5 1.3
5. In the underlined phrase after (2), Melati says that several of her
environmentally-conscious friends have turned vegetarian in the last few
years. There are many other things that people do to try to reduce their
impact on the environment. Give one example and explain how you think
it helps to reduce the impact. Your answer should be between 25 and 35
English words in length. (Indicate the number of words you have written
at the end of your answer. Do not count punctuation such as commas or
periods as words.)
15-
<*

ページ16:

<英作文の条件>
① ベジタリアンになること以外で環境への影響を減らすために
人々が行っていること
② ①がどのように影響を減らすのに役立っているか
③字数

ページ17:

IV Every year, the Japanese Red Cross Society collects blood from voluntary
donors and delivers blood products to those who need them. Figure A below
shows how (the numbers of younger (between the ages 16 and 39) and older
(between the ages 40 and 69) blood donors have changed in Japan from 2000
to 2019, as well as how the number of all blood donors has changed for the
nineteen-year period. Figure B shows the total amount of blood donated in
Japan from 2000 to 2019. Linear trend lines are shown in dotted lines.
Figure A
Age (16-39 years) Age (40-69 years) All donors
Number of donors
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000-
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
A.A
1,000,000-
献血量
Amount of blood donated (liters)
Figure B
2,500,000-
2,000,000-
1,500,000-
1,000,000-
500,000-
横ばい
人数は減っている
2.
0-
一人あたりの献血量は
増えているということ
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Years
Adapted from: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare website
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/0000063233.html
QUESTIONS
0
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Years
1.①.総数は減少
②若年層のドナー減少
③高齢者のドナー増加
-17-
1. Describe what the three. trend lines in Figure A show. Write
approximately 30 to 50 words. (Indicate the number of words you have
written at the end of your answer. Do not count punctuation such as
commas or periods as words.)
2. Describe the trend depicted in Figure B, and explain how the amount of
blood donated per donor has changed since 2000 by referring to both
Figures A and B. Write approximately 30 to 50 words. (Indicate the
number of words you have written at the end of your answer. Do not
count punctuation such as commas or periods as words.)
-18-