ページ3:

0000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000202
Ⅱ 1988 年 イランの民間航空機が、 ペルシャ湾を巡航中のアメリカ海軍の軍艦に
撃墜され、 290 名の民間人乗客の命が失われるという事件が起きました。この事件
で、中東情勢の緊張が高まりました。 以下の文章はその事件を題材として扱ったも
のです。英文を読み、 以下の設問に答えなさい。
If we construct our own version of truth/by reliance upon skeleton stories.y
two people cary know exactly the same facts/but construct story that relays
those facts in very different ways. Because they are using different story
skeletons, their perspectives will vary. For example, a United States Navy
warship shot down an Iranian airliner carrying 290 passengers on July 3,1988.
Let's look at some different stories fhat were constructed to explain this event.)
All the stories that follow are excerpts from various New York Times reports in
the days following this incident:
waved
Mr. Reagan smiled and waved at tourists as he returned to the White
House. But in speaking to reporters/he remarked on (what he had
(previously) called a terrible human tragedy.] "I won't minimize the
tragedy. Mr. Reagan said. "We all know it was a tragedy. But we're
talking about an incident in which a plane on radar/ was observed coming
in the direction of a ship in combat and the plane began lowering its
altitude) And so, I think it was an understandable accident to shoot and
think that they were under attack from that plane," he said.
引用
In this quotation from Ronald Reagan, the use of skeletons to create stories/
Be
can be easily seen. Mr. Reagan has chosen a common skeleton: understandable
tragedy. The skeleton looks something like this:
艦の素組員
Actor pursues justifiable goal.
(Actor selects reasonable plan to achieve goal.
Plan involves selection of correct action.
設問(1) Reagan 大統領(当時)の発言は、どんな主張をしていることになります
か。 彼が選んだ skeleton (「話の骨組み」) の項目を使って詳しく分析し、 日本
語で説明しなさい。
☆<skeleton>
メガ
張
①行為者は正当と認められる目標①単艦は戦闘中であり、自らの身は守り、
を追求する。
敵をうったという正当な目標を追求した
行為者は目標達成のため、理に
かなった計画を立てる。
→②敵の状況を知るために、理にかなった方法として、
レーダーによってこちらに向かってくる航空機を突きとめ、
高度を下げてきた同機が攻撃してくると判断
③計画は正しい行動の選択を伴う→③自らを守るための正しい行動として同機を撃墜
する選択をした
~
understandable tragedy
(正) 軍艦は戦闘中であり、自らの身は守り、敵を討つという正当な目標を追求していた。
そのため理にかなった方法として、レーダーによってこちらに向かってくる航空機を突き止め、
高度を下げてきた同機が攻撃してくると判断して、自らを守るための正しい行動として
skeleton
[語句
Action(taken has unintended and unanticipatable result.
Result turns out to be undesirable.
Innocent people are hurt by result.
同機を撃墜する選択をした。予測に反して同機は民間機であり、
罪のない人々が犠牲になるという望ましくない結果になってしまったが、これは
理解できる悲劇である。と主張している。
yeliance (n) 依存
excerpt (引用
rely (頼る)
incident (n) 小事件、できごと
wave (v) 手をふってあいさつする
previously 以前に
remark (v) 述べる
Tragedy
minimize (V) 最小化する
combat (v)

ページ4:

本質的に
大量
する
In essence, what Mr. Reagan has done is to select this skeleton and to
interpret the events of the shooting down of the airplane in terms of that
D
skeleton. Had he been asked to tell the story of what happened, he would simply
have had to fill in each line above with the actual event that matches it As it is,
he merely had to recognize that that skeleton was applicable and to use the
phrases "terrible human tragedy" and "understandable accident," (which are well-
known referents to that skeleton
単にすぎない
Let's look at the other side of the political spectrum now:
政府広報
あてはまる
Libya's official press agency called the downing "a horrible
massacre (perpetrated by the United States)" It said the attack was
"new proof of state terrorism practiced by the American administration"
and it called Washington "insolent" for insisting that the decision to
down the plane was an appropriate defensive measure.
Invoked here is the terrorism skeleton:
Actor chooses high-level goal.
Country blocks high-level goal.
Actor chooses secondary goal to harm citizens of country.
Actor endangers or actually harms citizens of country.
Actor expects blockage of high-level goal by country) to go away.
"State terrorism" supposedly means that the actor is a country too. But
"state terrorism" is not exactly a well-known story skeleton for an American. In
fact, Arab leaders refer to this skeleton quite often and we can figure what it
must mean and why Arab leaders use it to justify their own actions. Other
people's story skeletons, ones that we have not heard before are usually best
understood by analogy to skeletons we already know.
150+
設問2) 下線部 ① の意味を日本語で表しなさい。
Had he been asked to tell the story of what happened,
If he had been
>
「説明 事業の報告」
埋める
he would simply) have had to fill in beach line above with the actual event
(orig) 「へえればよかった」
T
組みの項目
のことを示す。
that matches it).
彼は上述の各項目にそれと合う実際の出来事を当てはめるだけでよかっただろう。
「それって
Rereak
(正)起きたことの説明を求められたとしたら、
www
ということになっているおそらく

ページ5:

make
いる
Notice that the events (under discussion) fit as easily into the state terrorism
skeleton into the understandable tragedy skeleton. The art of skeleton
selection is exactly that an art. No real objective reality exists here. One can
_see and tell about events in any way that one wants to. In each case, berlain
aspects of the story being transmitted are enhanced and certain elements are left
out altogether.
The real problem(in using skeletons this way) is that the storytellers usually
believe what they themselves are saying. Authors construct their own feality/by.
「」 finding the events thalau the skeleton) convenient for them to believe. They
enter storytelling situation / wanting to tell a certain kind of story and only then
worrying about whether the facts fit onto the bones of the skeleton (that they
have previously chosen)]
enhance 高める 増幅する
altogether 完全に、全く
only then ~になって初め
③
They enter a storytelling situation/
④べて初めて
wanting to tell a cartain kind of story /
付帯しながら
(and) only then worrying about (whether the facts fit
設問(3) 下線部②について、 skeleton の選び方がなぜ技術なのですか。 本文に即し
て日本語でわかりやすく説明しなさい。
②画像: No real objective reality/exists here. 語る人の意のままである」
(ということ)
ある話者がある出来事について語りたい筋がある場合、
その筋にあったskelton を選択し、語りの内容を成型すればよい。
この話の成型技術
(正) 客観的な事実は存在せず、ある側面を増し、
ある側面は除外しながら、出来事を望み通りに見たり語ったりできるから。
設問4) 下線部3) はなぜ問題なのですか。 日本語でわかりやすく説明しなさい。
③の直後の③の言いかえ
onto the bones of <skelton X that they have previously chosen)]
前もって
彼らは、ある特定の種類の話をしたいと思いながら語りの状況に入り、
その時になって初めて、前もって選んだ骨組みの各部分にその事実が
うまく合うかを気にするようになる。
「信じる枠組み(=出来事の解釈とその話の展開の仕方)
に都合のよいことだけを選んでいる」
これが問題!!!
y
(正答) 語り手は、自分が信じるのに都合のよい骨組みに合う
出来事を見つけて、自分なりの現実を構築するが、
事実がそれに合うかどうかは、踊り始めてから
考えるというように、客観的な評価よりも
語り手の主観が優先されているから。

ページ6:

Current
現在の
Last, we should look at the Iranian point of view. They, too, have their
favorite skeletons in terms of which they can look at this event. First, let us look
at the remarks of an exiled Iranian official:
国内の権力争い
"It must be clear that much of the policies (in Iran today are dictated
by the internal struggle for power," said Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, the first
president of Iran, Mr. Bani-Sadr, who spoke in an interview, lives in exile
in Paris and opposes the current regime,
"In that sense, Mr. Bani-Sadr said, "this American act of aggression/
will increase pressure to steer away from conciliatory policieslin favor of
radicals inside tran who want to crush all talk of compromise) am sure
the trend now will be toward more mobilization for more war, although
it will get nowhere.何も解決しないだろう。
Mr. Bani-Sadr was trying to predict the future rather than retellan old story!!
もかかわらず
Nevertheless, he still relied upon a skeleton to create his new story, The
skeleton he chose was fanatics find fuel to add to fire.
relyta
・融和的な
へに味方して
和解
よくある
Mr. Bari-Sadrの主張(発)
In that sense, the American act of agression/
意味
will increase (pressure(to steer away from
から遠ざける
conciliatory policies in favor of radicals.
融和的な
政
☆へに味方して
inside Iran @ho want to crush all talk of compromise)
妥協和解
火に油を見つける
設問(5) 下線部④の anatics find fuel to add to fire という skeleton において、
Mr. Bani-Sadr の発言のどの部分がfuel でどの部分が fire に当たるのか、 日
本語で説明しなさい。
fanatics狂(複)
fuel
エネルギー
→
水 すでに起きている問題
その問題をさらに悪化させる原因
<Mr. Bani-Sadrの主張>
アメリカの増するだろう油
国内の権力争い 火
アメリカの行為が
当たり、
アメリカとの妥協的な話し合いをつぶしたいと
思っている過激派に加担して、融和的な
のこうとするイラン国内の圧力が
fireに当たる。

ページ7:

Now look at a comment
from inside Iran:
Hojatolislam Rafsanjani, (who is the commander of Iran's armed
forces) warned today against hasty response to the American action.
In speech (reported by the Teheran radio, he told Parliament, "We
should let this crimg be known to everyone in the world and be discussed
and studied."
The Speaker went on to say that the Americans might "want_a
__clumsy_move_somewhere_in_the_world/so that they can take the
propaganda pressure off America Ánd transfer it somewhere else, "
Hojatolislam Rafsanjani added that Iran retains the right of taking
revenge, but that "the timing is up to us, not America." He called the
downing of the airliner "an_unprecedented disaster in contemporary
history" and said it should be used by Iran to "expose the nature of
America, statements indicating that for now the Speaker favors a
measured response.
当面は
しばらくの間は、
Here again, we have a story about the future. Two skeletons are invoked as
possible candidates for the basis of this story. One, force Spponent into bod
mond refers to the intentions of the U.S. (as seen by the Iranians and is really a
part of continuing story of conflict between the two countries> The second,
(avoid revenge to show up opponent is more or less the other side of the same
smo
10
coin. In both cases, we have a kind of conscious admission by Mr. Rafsanjani
(that the real question is which story skeleton will be followed in the creation of
the next set of events. The only problem with this assertion is that Mr.
Rafsanjani(naively sems to assume that some audience is waiting to see the
next act in the play. A more accurate assumption is that, no matter what
happens next, all the viewers of the play/will retell the story/ according to
skeletons (that they have already selected; ie, they will probably not be moved to
reinterpret any new event in terms of some skeleton that they do not already
have in mind. )
損
・相手
設問(6) 下線部5の比喩によって筆者は何を言おうとしていますか。 もう1つの
skeleton にも言及して日本語で説明しなさい。
比喩 The other side of the same coin.
~
"
同じ串のもう一つの側面の見方
裏一体
1
①敵を見劣りさせるために報復を避ける!
②敵対者に下手な手を打たせる
(正)
敵を見劣りさせるために報復を避ける
という骨組みと、敵対者に下手な手を
打たせようという骨組みは、
表裏一体に関し合うものであると
いうこと。

ページ8:

Ⅲ 英作文
「他人は自分のことをわかってくれない」と思うのはどんな時ですか。
またそんな時に、あなたはどう対処しますか。また、それはなぜですか。
70字程度の英語で説明しなさい。
(私の解答)
(When other people ignore whether I can eat more foods or not)
tow and let me eat too much foods, I feel uncomfortable and ck!
I think "They don't understand
my
circumstance at all."
I'm always nervous when I eat something with people,
because of this
and can't eat all them in the end.
all of the food on my plate.
So when anyone does so I have the courage to insist directly,
"I'm sorry but, I can't eat more because I'm already full."
That's because they can't understand my thought without
telling them.
☆文法は絶対に間違えないこと、
At mealtimes, I'd like to enjoy eating at my own pace,
even if I'm with other people.
Nevertheless, they
often
say
to me, "Fou eat too
slowly,"
or You like to eat much, don't,
you?"
In this case, I'm made to realize that they don't
~を痛感させられる。
understand me.
And I have the courage to say directly
"Let me eat at my own pace.
☆順を追って書く!
to them,