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Ⅱ 次の英文を読んで,以下の設問に答えなさい。
J
Science and technology: we tend to think of them as siblings, perhaps even
as twins, as parts of STEM (for "science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics"). When it comes to the shiniest wonders of the modern
world as the supercomputers in our pockets communicate
satellites -science and technology are indeed hand in glove. For much of
(i)
with
human history, though, technology had nothing to do with science. Many of our
most significant inventions are pure tools, with no scientific method behind them.
Wheels and wells, cranks and mills and gears and ships' masts, clocks and
rudders and crop rotation: all have been crucial to human and economic
development, and none historically had any connection with what we think of
today as science. Some of the most important things we use every day were
invented long before the adoption of the scientific method. I love my laptop and
my iPhone and my Echo and my GPS, but the piece of technology (I would be
most reluctant to give up the one that changed my life from the first day(I used
(a)
it and that I'm still reliant on every waking hour — am reliant on right now, as I
起きているとき
sit typing dates from the thirteenth century: my glasses. Soap prevented more
V
deaths than penicillin. That's technology, not science.
In Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States, James C. Scott, a
professor of political science at Yale, presents a plausible contender for the most
important piece of technology in the history of man. It is a technology so old
that it predates Homo sapiens and instead should be credited to our ancestor
(ii)
Homo erectus. That technology is fire. We have used it in two crucial, defining
As Richard
ways. The first and the most obvious of these is cooking.
Wrangham has argued in his book Catching Fire, our ability to cook allows us to
extract more energy from the food we eat, and also to eat a far wider range of
foods. Our closest animal relative, the chimpanzee, has a colon three times as
large as ours, because its diet of raw food is so much harder to digest. The
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:
°
非制限
+
extra caloric value (we get from cooked food allowed us to develop our big brains :):):
which absorb roughly a fifth o
of the energy we consume, (as opposed to less than
であるのに対して
a tenth for most mammals' brains That difference is what has made us the
dominant species on the planet.
3 The other reason fire was central to our history is less obvious to
contemporary eyes: we used it to adapt the landscape around us to our purposes.
Hunter-gatherers would set fires as they moved, to clear terrain and make it
ready for fast-growing, prey-attracting new plants. They would also drive
animals with fire. They used this technology so much that, Scott thinks, we
should date the human-dominated phase of Earth, the so-called Anthropocene,
from the time our forebears mastered this new tool.
4) We don't give the technology of fire enough credit, Scott suggests, because
we don't give our ancestors much credit for their ingenuity over the long
(iii)
period ninety-five percent of human history during which most of our
_ species were hunter-gatherers. "Why human fire as landscape architecture
(c)
doesn't register as it ought to in our historical accounts is perhaps that its
Iects were spread over hundreds of millennia and were accomplished by
'precivilized' peoples also known as 'savages,"" Scott writes. To demonstrate the
significance of fire, he points to what we've found in certain caves in southern
Africa. The earliest, oldest strata of the caves contain whole skeletons. of
carnivores and many chewed-up bone fragments of the things they were eating,
including us. Then comes the layer from when we discovered fire, and ownership
of the caves, switches: the human skeletons are whole, and the carnivores are
bone fragments. Fire is the difference between eating lunch and being lunch.
5 Anatomically modern humans have been around for roughly two hundred
thousand years. For most of that time, we lived as hunter-gatherers. Then,
about twelve thousand years ago, came what is generally agreed to be the
definitive before-and-after moment in our ascent to planetary dominance: the
Neolithic Revolution. This was our adoption of, to use Scott's word, a "package"
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of agricultural innovations, notably the domestication of animals such as the cow
and the pig, and the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and
cultivating crops. The most important of these crops have been the
cereals wheat, barley, rice, and maize that remain the staples of humanity's
-
diet. Cereals allowed population growth and the birth of cities, and, hence, the
development of states and the rise of complex societies.
設問(1) 本文中の下線部(i)~(iv)の語句の意味に最も近いものを、(イ)~ (ニ)から選び,
記号で答えなさい。
(i) hand in glove
((T)) closely related
(V) under protection
(□) in contrast
(=) under restraint
(ii) credited
((1) attributed
() known
(iii) ingenuity
(1) authenticity
(x) sensitivity
(iv) around
(1) existent
() settled
設問(2) 下線部(a)の意味を日本語で表しなさい。
設問(3) 下線部(b) の意味を日本語で表しなさい。
(□) charged
(E) paid
sado youuu
(□) cleverness
(E) truthfulness
(□) revolved
() wandering
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設問 (4) 下線部(C) landscape architecture の意味を説明する部分を本文中から10
語以内で抜き出しなさい。
設問(5) 下線部(d) ownership of the caves switches の内容を具体的に日本語で説
明しなさい。
設問(6) この文章の内容に合わないものを(イ)~ (ホ)から1つ選び,記号で答えなさ
い。
(イ) 石鹸はペニシリンより多くの命を救った。
(井戸や歯車は科学の知識なしには作ることができなかった。
(ハ)科学が発達する以前から人類は技術によって他の動物より優位に立って
きた。
(二)人の腸がチンパンジーに比べて3分の1の大きさなのは、火によって食
物を調理してきたことと関係している。
(赤)文明化以前の人類が火を使って成し遂げてきたことについて、我々の認
識が不十分であると述べる研究者もいる。
5-
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Ⅲ 現代は,現金をほとんど使わず,クレジットカードや電子マネーで決済ができる
キャッシュレス社会になりつつあります。 こうした社会にはどのような利点, ある
いは問題点があると思いますか。 70語程度の英文で述べなさい。
6
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ⅣV 次の日本文(A)と(B)のそれぞれの下線部の意味を英語で表しなさい。 ただし, (B)で
は文学部の志願者は(イ)を,文学部以外の学部の志願者は(口)を選んで解答しなさい。
(A)(すべての学部の志願者)
過去の多くの哲学者は,同時代の悲劇を目にするたびに、私たち人間の愚かさ
を告発し,そのような悲劇が二度と繰り返されないために,どのように私たちの
愚かさを克服するべきかを考え、話し、書いてきました。 人類はこれまでに高い
授業料を払って,様々な失敗からの教訓を得ているのです。私たちについて
過去の哲学者がどのような問いに向き合い, どのように考えたかを知ること
は、とりもなおさず、私たち自身が,当時の人間と同じような愚かな過ちを再び
繰り返すことのないよう、「高い費用を払って得た教訓を学ばせてもらうという側
ばせてもらうとい
面があります。
意味もある
つまり
mean.
(イ)(文学部の志願者)
「道聴塗説」という言葉があります。 人から聞いたことを自分では理解しない
で、そのまま他の人に伝えるということです。 ある人の考えを聞き, なるほど
その通りだと深く納得しても、他の人から違うことを聞けば、今度はそれを鵜
呑みにして人に伝えるのです。
本を読む時も、著者の考えをそのまま無批判に受け入れ,その内容について
自分では考えないで他の人に伝えるのでは本を読む意味はありません。
大切なことは,読書を通じて, 自分のそれまで持っていた考えや生き方を振
り返って吟味し、さらには,自分の生き方を見直すということです。
本をどう読むかは生き方そのものを表しますが,本の読み方が変われば,生
き方も変わってきます。
(ロ)(文学部以外の学部の志願者)
作家
歴史上の事実について書くのは傲慢なことだ。 ペンを持つ人間は,既にすべ
てが終わっている特権的な場所から,実際には見ていないことを, まるで見て
きたように書くのだから。
= 7
-
privileged
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大阪大学
2020年度
P.
SUBTITLE
DATE
IV
IT (A) knowing what questions phylosophers in the
what
what
and
past
have
face
what they thought (about them)
thought
means that we ourselves can learn lessons
at a
high price so that we can
so that we can avoid repeating
foolish mistakes people in the
in the past made.
(B) (17) It is arrogant to write about the histrical facts.
write about things (which),
Writers write
You, as a writer
-you haven't seen as if
you
had already seen them.
from the privileged position that everything is over.
place