ページ3:

B You are an exchange student in the US and next week your class will go on a
day trip. The teacher has provided some information.
Tours of Yentonville
The Yentonville Tourist Office offers three city tours.
The History Tour
The day will begin with a visit to St. Patrick's Church, which
was built when the city was established in the mid-1800s.
Opposite the church is the early-20th-century Mayor's House.
There will be a tour of the house and its beautiful garden.
曲自由曲
A
Finally, cross the city by public bus and visit the Peace Park. Opened soon
after World War II, it was the site of many demonstrations in the 1960s.
The Arts Tour
The morning will be spent in the Yentonville Arts District. We
will begin in the Art Gallery where there are many paintings
from Europe and the US. After lunch, enjoy a concert across
the street at the Bruton Concert Hall before walking a short
distance to the Artists' Avenue. This part of the district was
developed several years ago when new artists' studios and the
nearby Sculpture Park were created. Watch artists at work in their studios
and afterwards wander around the park, finding sculptures among the trees.
The Sports Tour
First thing in the morning, you can watch the Yentonville
Lions football team training at their open-air facility in
the suburbs In the afternoon, travel by subway to the
Yentonville Hockey Arena, completed last fall. Spend
some time in its exhibition hall to learn about the arena's
unique design. Finally, enjoy a professional hockey game in the arena.
Yentonville Tourist Office, January, 2024
- ･6-
(2110-6)
+1073
問3

ページ4:

1 Yentonville has
3
a church built 250 years ago when the city was constructed
2 a unique football training facility in the center of the town
③ an art studio where visitors can create original works of art
④an arts area with both an art gallery and a concert hall
2 On all three tours, you will
推測
learn about historic events in the city
see people demonstrate their skills ✗
spend time both indoors and outdoors
use public transportation to get around
3 Which is the newest place in Yentonville you can visit on the tours?
5
The Hockey Arena
The Mayor's House
3 The Peace Park
The Sculpture Park
-7-
(2110-7)

ページ5:

第2問 (配点 20)
A You are an exchange student at a high school in the UK and find this flyer.
Invitation to the Strategy Game Club
Have you ever wanted to learn strategy games like chess, shogi, or go? They
are actually more than just games. You can learn skills such as thinking
logically and deeply without distractions. Plus, these games are really fun!
This club is open to all students of our school. Regardless of skill level, you
are welcome to join.
土間4
191
We play strategy games together and...
learn basic moves from demonstrations by club members
195
play online against club friends
問2
share tips on our club webpage
learn the history and etiquette of each game
analyse games using computer software
participate in local and national tournaments
Regular meetings: Wednesday afternoons in Room 301, Student Centre
Member Comments
My mind is clearer, calmer, and more focused in class.
-
It's cool to learn how some games have certain similarities.
-
-
←間
194
41093
問3
At tournaments, I like discussing strategies with other participants.
Members share Internet videos that explain practical strategies for chess.
It's nice to have friends who give good advice about go.
I was a complete beginner when I joined, and I had no problem!
-8-
(2110-8)
895
問1

ページ6:

1 According to the flyer, which is true about the club?
(①Absolute beginners are welcome.
2 Members edit computer programs.
3 Professional players give formal demonstrations.
Students from other schools can join.
6
2 Which of the following is not mentioned as a club activity?
Having games with non-club members
(②Playing matches against computers
Sharing game-playing ideas on the Internet
Studying the backgrounds of strategy games
3 One opinion stated by a member is that 8
comparing different games is interesting
2 many videos about go are useful
3 members learn tips at competitions
regular meetings are held off campus
述べてない
7
- - 9 -
(2110-9)

ページ7:

4 The club invitation and a member's comment both mention that
new members must demonstrate experience
2 online support is necessary to be a good player
3 shogi is a logical and stimulating game
(④strategy games help improve one's concentration
5 This club is most likely suitable for students who want to 10
create their own computer strategy games
②improve their skill level of playing strategy games
learn proper British etiquette through playing strategy games
spend weekends playing strategy games in the club room
9
-10-
(2110-10)

ページ8:

B You are a college student going to study in the US and need travel insurance.
You find this review of an insurance plan written by a female international
student who studied in the US for six months.
There are many things to consider before traveling abroad: pack appropriate
clothes, prepare your travel expenses, and don't forget medication (if
necessary). Also, you should purchase travel insurance.
When I studied at Fairville University in California, I bought travel insurance
from TravSafer International. I signed up online in less than 15 minutes and
was immediately covered. They accept any form of payment, usually on a
monthly basis. There were three plans. All plans include a one-time health
check-up.
The Premium Plan is $100/month. The plan provides 24-hour medical support
through a smartphone app and telephone service. Immediate financial support
will be authorized if you need to stay in a hospital.
The Standard Plan worked best for me. It had the 24-hour telephone
assistance and included a weekly (email with tips for staying healthy in a
foreign country. It wasn't cheap: $75/month. However, it was nice to get the
optional 15% discount because I paid for six months of coverage in advance.
If your budget is limited, you can choose the Economy Plan, which is
$25/month. It has the 24-hour telephone support like the other plans but only
covers emergency care. Also, they can arrange a taxi to a hospital at a
reduced cost if considered necessary by the support center.
I never got sick or hurt, so I thought it was a waste of money to get insurance.
Then my friend from Brazil broke his leg while playing soccer and had to
spend a few days in a hospital. He had chosen the Premium Plan and it
covered everything! I realized how important insurance is you know that you
will be supported when you are in trouble.
185
-1973
+91
問4
152
-11-
(2110-11)

ページ9:

1 According to the review, which of the following is true? 11
Day and night medical assistance is available with the most expensive
plan.
24 hours
2 The cheapest plan includes free hospitalization for any reason.
3 The mid-level plan does not include the one-time health check-up.
The writer's plan cost her over $100 every month.
2 Which is not included in the cheapest option?
12
Email support
Emergency treatment
3 Telephone help desk
Transport assistance
-12-
(2110-12)

ページ10:

3 Which is the best combination that describes TravSafer International?
13
They allow monthly payments.
B: They design scholarship plans for students.
C They help you remember your medication.
DThey offer an Internet-based registration system.
E: They require a few days to process the application form.
A and D
A and E
3 B and D
B and E
⑤C and D
4 The writer's opinion of her chosen plan is that 14
it prevented her from being health conscious
2 she was not satisfied with the telephone assistance
the option for cost reduction was attractive
the treatment for her broken leg was covered
5 Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude?
15
She believes the smartphone app is useful.
She considers travel preparation to be important.
She feels the US medical system is unique in the world.
She thinks a different hospital would have been better for her friend.
-13-
(2110-13)

ページ11:

第3問 (配点 15)
A Susan, your English ALT's sister, visited your class last month. Now back in
the UK, she wrote on her blog about an event she took part in.
Hi!
Things
Sakura City Photo Rally Rules
Each group can only use the
camera and paper map, both
provided by us
Take as many photos of 25
checkpoints (designated
sightseeing spots) as possible
3-hour time limit
Photos must include all 3 team
members
I participated in a photo rally for
foreign tourists with my friends: See
the rules on the right. As photo rally
beginners, we decided to aim for only
five of the checkpoints. In three
minutes, we arrived at our first
target, the city museum. In quick
succession, we made the second,
third, and fourth targets.
were going smoothly! But, on the
way to the last target, the statue of
a famous samurai from the city, we
got lost. Time was running out and
my feet were hurting from walking
for over two hours. We stopped a man with a pet monkey for help, but neither
our Japanese nor his English were good enough. After he'd explained the way
using gestures, we realised we wouldn't have enough time to get there and
would have to give up. We took a photo with him and said goodbye. When
When we
All members must move
together
No mobile phones
⚫ No transport
got back to Sakura City Hall, we were surprised to hear that the winning team
had completed 19 checkpoints. One of our photos was selected to be on the
event website (click here). It reminds me of the man's warmth and kindness:
our own "gold medal."
問1
今本物ではない
-14-
(2110-14)

ページ12:

①
1 You click the link in the blog. Which picture appears?
Photo Rally Sakura City
GOAL!
②
④
16
M
さくら市博物館
2 You are asked to comment on Susan's blog. Which would be an
appropriate comment to her?
17
①I want to see a picture of you wearing the gold medal! ✗
You did your best. Come back to Japan and try again!
You reached 19 checkpoints in three hours? Really? Wow!! X
Your photo is great! Did you upgrade your phone?
X
-
-15 -
-
(2110-15)

ページ13:

B You are going to participate in an English Day. As preparation, you are
reading an article in the school newspaper written by Yuzu, who took part in it
last year.
Virtual Field Trip to a South Sea Island
This year, for our English Day, we participated in a virtual science tour. The
winter weather had been terrible, so we were excited to see the tropical
scenery of the volcanic island projected on the screen.
First, we "took a road trip” to learn about the geography of the island, using (1)
navigation software to view the route. We "got into the car," which our
teacher, Mr Leach, sometimes stopped so we could look out of the window and
get a better sense of the rainforest. Afterwards, we asked Mr Leach about
what we'd seen.
Later, we "dived into the ocean" and learnt about the diversity of marine
creatures. We observed a coral reef via a live camera. Mr Leach asked us if
we could count the number of creatures, but there were too many! Then he
showed us an image of the ocean 10 years ago. The reef we'd seen on camera
was dynamic, but in the photo it was even more full of life. It looked so
different after only 10 years! Mr Leach told us human activity was affecting
the ocean and it could be totally ruined if we didn't act now.
In the evening, we studied astronomy under a
perfect starry sky. We put up tents in the
gymnasium and created a temporary
planetarium on the ceiling using a projector.
We were fascinated by the sky full of
constellations, shooting stars, and the Milky
Way. Someone pointed out one of the brightest lights and asked Mr Leach if it
was Venus, a planet close to Earth. He nodded and explained that humans
have created so much artificial light that hardly anything is visible in our city's
night sky.
On my way home after school, the weather had improved and the sky was now
cloudless. I looked up at the moonless sky and realised what Mr Leach had
told us was true.
-16-
(2110-16)
173
問

ページ14:

1 Yuzu's article also included student comments (0-4) describing the
events in the virtual tour. Put the comments in the order in which the events
happened.
18
19
20
①
I was wondering how dangerous
the island was. I saw beautiful
birds and a huge snake in the
jungle.
②
It was really shocking that
there had been many more
creatures before. We should
protect our beautiful oceans!
Setting up a camping site in
the gymnasium was kind of
weird, but great fun! Better
than outside, because we
weren't bitten by bugs!
④
We were lost for words during
the space show and realised
we often don't notice things
even though they're there.
-17-
(2110-17)

ページ15:

2 From the tour, Yuzu did not learn about the 22
of the south sea
island.
marine ecosystem
2 night-time sky
(③ seasonal weather
trees and plants
3 On the way home, Yuzu looked up and most likely saw
night sky.
a shooting star
2 just a few stars
3 the full moon
the Milky Way
-
23
in the
-18-
(2110-18)

ページ16:

第4問 (配点 16)
Your college English club's room has several problems and you want to redesign
it. Based on the following article and the results of a questionnaire given to
members, you make a handout for a group discussion.
What Makes a Good Classroom?
Diana Bashworth, writer at Trends in Education
As many schools work to improve their classrooms, it is important to have
some ideas for making design decisions. SIN, which stands for Stimulation,
Individualization, and Naturalness, is a framework that might be helpful to
F
consider when designing classrooms.
The first, Stimulation, has two aspects: color and complexity. This has to
do with the ceiling, floor, walls, and interior furnishings. For example, a
classroom that lacks colors might be uninteresting. On the other hand, a
classroom should not be too colorful. A bright color could be used on one wall,
on the floor, window coverings, or furniture. In addition, it can be visually
distracting to have too many things displayed on walls. It is suggested that 20
to 30 percent of wall space remain free.
The next item in the framework is Individualization, which includes two
considerations: ownership and flexibility. Ownership refers to whether the
classroom feels personalized. Examples of this include having chairs and
desks that are suitable for student sizes and ages, and providing storage space
and areas for displaying student works or projects. Flexibility is about having
a classroom that allows for different kinds of activities.
Naturalness relates to the quality and quantity of light, both natural and
artificial, and the temperature of the classroom. Too much natural light may
make screens and boards difficult to see; students may have difficulty reading
or writing if there is a lack of light. In addition, hot summer classrooms do not
promote effective study. Schools should install systems allowing for the
adjustment of both light and temperature.
While Naturalness is more familiar to us, and therefore often considered
the priority, the other components are equally important. Hopefully, these
ideas can guide your project to a successful end.
20-
(2110-20)
2

ページ17:

Results of the Questionnaire
Q1: Choose any items that match your use of the English club's room.
Chatting in English
Number of club members 38)
130
Chatting in Japanese
Checking out English books
8
Doing English homework
10
問4
Playing smartphone games
18
884 (21)
Sleeping
(32)
Other
0
10
12
20
30
40
Respondents
Q2: What do you think about the current English club's room?
Main comments:
Student 1 (S 1): I can't see the projector screen and whiteboard well on a sunny
day. Also, there's no way to control the temperature.
S2: By the windows, the sunlight makes it hard to read. The other side of the
room doesn't get enough light. Also, the books are disorganized and the
walls are covered with posters. It makes me feel uncomfortable.
S3: The chairs don't really fit me and the desks are hard to move when we
work in small groups. Also, lots of members speak Japanese, even though
it's an English club.
S4: The pictures of foreign countries on the walls make me want to speak
English. Everyone likes the sofas-they are so comfortable that we often
use the room for sleeping!
S5: The room is so far away, so I hardly ever go there! Aren't there other
rooms available?
S6: There's so much gray in the room. I don't like it. But it's good that there
are plenty of everyday English phrases on the walls!
1095
間(2)
-21-
(2110-21)

ページ18:

Your discussion handout:
Room Improvement Project
-
SIN Framework
What it is: 24
SIN Stimulation, Individualization, Naturalness
Design Recommendations Based on SIN and Questionnaire Results
Stimulation:
Cover the floor with a colorful rug and 25
Individualization:
Replace room furniture.
(tables with wheels easy to move around)
Naturalness:
26
A. Install blinds on windows.
B. Make temperature control possible.
C. Move projector screen away from windows.
D. Place sofas near walls.
E. Put floor lamp in darker corner.
Other Issues to Discuss
The majority of members
27
the room as
28 's comment
mentioned. How can we solve this?
Based on both the graph and
29 's comment, should we set a
language rule in the room to motivate members to speak English more?
S5 doesn't like the location, but we can't change the room, so let's think
about how to encourage members to visit more often.
-22-
(2110-22)

ページ19:

1 Choose the best option for 24
A guide to show which colors are appropriate to use in classrooms
A method to prioritize the needs of students and teachers in classrooms
③A model to follow when planning classroom environments
A system to understand how classrooms influence students'
performance
2 Choose the best option for 25
move the screen to a better place
paint each wall a different color
3 put books on shelves
(reduce displayed items
3 You are checking the handout.
You notice an error in the
recommendations under Naturalness. Which of the following should you
remove?
26
①A
2 B
3 C
④D
⑤ E
-23-
(2110-23)

ページ20:

4 Choose the best options for
27
borrow books from
2 can't easily get to
3 don't use Japanese in
④feel anxious in
⑤take naps in
28
1 $1
2 $2
3 S3
S4
5 S5
6 S6
5 Choose the best option for
1 S1
2 S2
3 S3
S4
⑤$5
6 $6
27
and 28
29
-
-24-
(2110-24)

ページ21:

第5問 (配点 15)
You are in an English discussion group, and it is your turn to introduce a story.
You have found a story in an English language magazine in Japan. You are
preparing notes for your presentation.
Maki's Kitchen
"Irasshai-mase," said Maki as two customers entered her restaurant,
Maki's Kitchen. Maki had joined her family business at the age of 19 when
her father became ill. After he recovered, Maki decided to continue.
Eventually, Maki's parents retired and she became the owner. Maki had many
regular customers who came not only for the delicious food, but also to sit at
the counter and talk to her. Although her business was doing very well, Maki
occasionally daydreamed about doing something different.
"Can we sit at the counter?" she heard. It was her old friends, Takuya
and Kasumi. A phone call a few weeks earlier from Kasumi to Takuya had
given them the idea to visit Maki and surprise her.
Takuya's phone vibrated, and he saw a familiar name, Kasumi.
"Kasumi!"
"Hi Takuya, I saw you in the newspaper. Congratulations!"
"Thanks. Hey, you weren't at our 20th high school reunion last month."
"No, I couldn't make it. I can't believe it's been 20 years since we
graduated. Actually, I was calling to ask if you've seen Maki recently."
Takuya's family had moved to Kawanaka Town shortly before he started
high school. He joined the drama club, where he met Maki and Kasumi. The
three became inseparable. After graduation, Takuya left Kawanaka to become
an actor, while Maki and Kasumi remained. Maki had decided she wanted to
study at university and enrolled in a preparatory school. Kasumi, on the other
hand, started her career. Takuya tried out for various acting roles but was
constantly rejected; eventually, he quit.
-26-
(2110-26)
192

ページ22:

Exactly one year after graduation, Takuya returned to Kawanaka with his
dreams destroyed. He called Maki, who offered her sympathy. He was
surprised to learn that Maki had abandoned her plan to attend university
because, had to manage her family's restaurant. Her first day of work had
been the day he called. For some reason, Takuya could not resist giving Maki
some advice.
"Maki, I've always thought your family's restaurant should change the
coffee it serves. I think people in Kawanaka want a bolder flavor. I'd be
happy to recommend a different brand," he said.
"Takuya, you really know your coffee. Hey, I was walking by Café
Kawanaka and saw a help-wanted sign. You should apply!" Maki replied.
Takuya was hired by Café Kawanaka and became fascinated by the
science of coffee making. On the one-year anniversary of his employment,
Takuya was talking to Maki at her restaurant.
"Maki," he said, "do you know what my dream is?"
"It must have something to do with coffee."
"That's right! It's to have my own coffee business."
"I can't imagine a better person for it. What are you waiting for?"
Maki's encouragement inspired Takuya. He quit his job, purchased a
coffee bean roaster, and began roasting beans. Maki had a sign in her
restaurant saying, "We proudly serve Takuya's Coffee," and this publicity
helped the coffee gain popularity in Kawanaka. Takuya started making good
money selling his beans. Eventually, he opened his own café and became a
successful business owner.
Kasumi was reading the newspaper when she saw the headline:
TAKUYA'S CAFÉ ATTRACTING TOURISTS TO KAWANAKA TOWN. "Who
would have thought that Takuya would be so successful?" Kasumi thought to
herself as she reflected on her past.
In the high school drama club, Kasumi's duty was to put make-up on the
actors. No one could do it better than her. Maki noticed this and saw that a
cosmetics company called Beautella was advertising for salespeople. She
encouraged Kasumi to apply, and, after graduation, she became an employee
of Beautella.
間3(木)
-27-
(2110-27)

ページ23:

regreft
The work was tough; Kasumi went door to door selling cosmetics. On bad
days, she would call Maki, who would lift her spirits. One day, Maki had an
idea, "Doesn't Beautella do make-up workshops? I think you are more suited
for that. You can show people how to use the make-up. They'll love the way
they look and buy lots of cosmetics!"
Kasumi's company agreed to let her do workshops, and they were a hit!
Kasumi's sales were so good that eight months out of high school, she had
been promoted, moving to the big city of Ishijima. Since then, she had steadily
climbed her way up the company ladder until she had been named vice-
president of Beautella this year.
"I wouldn't be vice-president now without Maki," she thought, "she helped
me when I was struggling, but I was too absorbed with my work in Ishijima to
give her support when she had to quit her preparatory school." Glancing back
to the article, she decided to call Takuya.
(2)
"Maki wasn't at the reunion. I haven't seen her in ages," said Takuya.
"Same here. It's a pity. Where would we be without her?" asked Kasumi.
The conversation became silent, as they wordlessly communicated their
guilt. Then, Kasumi had an idea.
The three friends were talking and laughing when Maki asked, "By the
way, I'm really happy to see you two, but what brings you here?"
"Payback," said Takuya.
recognize
"Have I done something wrong?" asked Maki.
-radent
"No. The opposite. You understand people incredibly well. You can
identify others' strengths and show them how to make use of them. We're
proof of this. You made us aware of our gifts," said Takuya.
herown
"The irony is that you couldn't do the same for yourself," added Kasumi.
"I think Ishijima University would be ideal for you. It offers a degree
program in counseling that's designed for people with jobs," said Takuya.
"You'd have to go there a few times a month, but you could stay with me.
Also, Takuya can help you find staff for your restaurant," said Kasumi.
Maki closed her eyes and imagined Kawanaka having both "Maki's
Kitchen" and "Maki's Counseling." She liked that idea.
問3 (36)
124
195
28-
(2110-28)

ページ24:

Your notes:
Maki's Kitchen
Story outline
Maki, Takuya, and Kasumi graduate from high school.
30
31
32
33
Maki begins to think about a second career.
About Maki
• Age: 34
• Occupation: restaurant owner
• How she supported her friends:
Provided Takuya with encouragement and
Kasumi "
and 36
Interpretation of key moments
Kasumi and Takuya experience an uncomfortable silence on the
phone because they 37
• In the final scene, Kasumi uses the word "irony" with Maki. The
irony is that Maki does not
38
-
-29-
(2110-29)

ページ25:

Choose four out of the five events (①~⑤) and rearrange them in the
order they happened.
30
4
←
31 -> 32
Kasumi becomes vice-president of her company.
Kasumi gets in touch with Takuya.
3 Maki gets her university degree.
Maki starts working in her family business.
⑤Takuya is inspired to start his own business.
33
->
2
2 Choose the best option for 34
early 30s
late 30s
3 early 40s
late 40s
18+20+1=39...?
3 Choose the best options for
35
and
36
安伝する
①made the product known to people
proposed
a successful business idea
purchased equipment for the business
④suggested moving to a bigger city
⑤taught the necessary skills for success
-30-
(2110-30)

ページ26:

4 Choose the best option for
37
do not want to discuss their success
have not spoken in a long time
③ regret not appreciating their friend more
④think Maki was envious of their achievements
5 Choose the best option for 38
like to try different things
recognize her own talent
understand the ability she lacks
want to pursue her dreams
-31-
(2110-31)

ページ27:

第6問 (配点 24)
A Your English teacher has assigned this article to you. You need to prepare
notes to give a short talk.
Perceptions of Time
When you hear the word "time," it is probably hours, minutes, and seconds
that immediately come to mind. In the late 19th century, however, philosopher
Henri Bergson described how people usually do not experience time as it is
measured by clocks (clock time). Humans do not have a known biological
mechanism to measure clock time, so they use mental processes instead. This
is called psychological time, which everyone perceives differently.
2 If you were asked how long it had taken to finish your homework, you
probably would not know exactly. You would think back and make an
estimate. In a 1975 experiment, participants were shown either simple or
complex shapes for a fixed amount of time and asked to memorize them.
Afterwards, they were asked how long they had looked at the shapes. To
answer, they used a mental process called retrospective timing, which is
estimating time based on the information retrieved from memory. Participants
who were shown the complex shapes felt the time was longer, while the people
who saw the simple shapes experienced the opposite.
3 Another process to measure psychological time is called prospective
timing. It is used when you are actively keeping track of time while doing
something. Instead of using the amount of information recalled, the level of
attention given to time while doing the activity is used. In several studies, the
participants performed tasks while estimating the time needed to complete
them. Time seemed shorter for the people doing more challenging mental
activities which required them to place more focus on the task than on time.
-32-
(2110-32)
P93
) 問4

ページ28:

Time felt longer for the participants who did simpler tasks and the longest for
those who were waiting or doing nothing.
Your emotional state can influence your awareness of time, too. For
example, you can be enjoying a concert so much that you forget about time.
Afterwards, you are shocked that hours have passed by in what seemed to be
the blink of an eye. To explain this, we often say, "Time flies when you're
having fun." The opposite occurs when you are bored. Instead of being
focused on an activity, you notice the time. It seems to go very slowly as you
cannot wait for your boredom to end. Fear also affects our perception of time.
In a 2006 study, more than 60 people experienced skydiving for the first time.
Participants with high levels of unpleasant emotions perceived the time spent
skydiving to be much longer than it was in reality.
Psychological time also seems to move differently during life stages.
Children constantly encounter new information and have new experiences,
which makes each day memorable and seem longer when recalled. Also, time
creeps by for them as they anticipate upcoming events such as birthdays and
trips. For most adults, unknown information is rarely encountered and new
experiences become less frequent, so less mental focus is required and each
day becomes less memorable. However, this is not always the case,
Daily routines are shaken up when drastic changes occur, such as changing
jobs or relocating to a new city. In such cases, the passage of time for those
people is similar to that for children. But generally speaking, time seems to
accelerate as we mature.
Knowledge of psychological time can be helpful in our daily lives, as it
may help us deal with boredom. Because time passes slowly when we are not
mentally focused and thinking about time, changing to a more engaging
activity, such as reading a book, will help ease our boredom and speed up the
time. The next occasion that you hear "Time flies when you're having fun,"
you will be reminded of this.
問2
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ページ29:

Your notes:
Perceptions of Time
Outline by paragraph
1. 39
2. Retrospective timing
3. Prospective timing
4. 40
➤ Skydiving
5. Effects of age
➤ Time speeds up as we mature, but a
6. Practical tips
My original examples to help the audience
A. Retrospective timing
Example: 42
B. Prospective timing
Example: 43
問1
Choose the best options for 39 and 40
Biological mechanisms.
Effects of our feelings
Kinds of memory
Life stages
⑤Ongoing research
⑥Types of time
41
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2 Choose the best option for 41
major lifestyle change at any age will likely make time slow down
2 major lifestyle change regardless of age will likely make time speed up
③ minor lifestyle change for adults will likely make time slow down
minor lifestyle change for children will likely make time speed up
3 Choose the best option for
42
O anticipating a message from a classmate
2 memorizing your mother's cellphone number
reflecting on how many hours you worked today
remembering that you have a meeting tomorrow
4 Choose the best option for 43
最中
guessing how long you've been jogging so far
making a schedule for the basketball team summer camp
3 running into your tennis coach at the railway station
thinking about your last family vacation to a hot spring
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ページ31:

B You are preparing a presentation for your science club, using the following
passage from a science website.
Chili Peppers: The Spice of Life
Tiny pieces of red spice in chili chicken add a nice touch of color, but
biting into even a small piece can make a person's mouth burn as if it were on
fire. While some people love this, others want to avoid the painful sensation.
At the same time, though, they can eat sashimi with wasabi. This might lead
one to wonder what spiciness actually is and to ask where the difference
between chili and wasabi comes from.
2
Unlike sweetness, saltiness, and sourness, spiciness is not a taste. In fact,
we do not actually taste heat, or spiciness, when we eat spicy foods. The bite
we feel from eating chili peppers and wasabi is derived from different types of
compounds. Chili peppers get their heat from a heavier, oil-like element called
capsaicin. Capsaicin leaves a lingering, fire-like sensation in our mouths
because it triggers a receptor called TRPV1. TRPV1 induces stress and tells
us when something is burning our mouths. Interestingly, there is a wide range
of heat across the different varieties of chili peppers, and the level depends on
the amount of capsaicin they contain. This is measured using the Scoville
Scale, which is also called Scoville Heat Units (SHU). SHUS range from the
sweet and mild shishito pepper at 50-200 SHUS to the Carolina Reaper pepper,
which can reach up to 2.2 million.
Wasabi is considered a root, not a pepper, and does not contain capsaicin.
Thus, wasabi is not ranked on the Scoville Scale. However, people have
compared the level of spice in it to chilis with around 1,000 SHUS, which is on
the lower end of the scale. The reason some people cannot tolerate chili spice
but can eat foods flavored with wasabi is that the spice compounds in it are`
low in density. The compounds in wasabi vaporize easily, delivering a blast of
spiciness to our nose when we eat it.
4 Consuming chili peppers can have positive effects on our health, and much
research has been conducted into the benefits of capsaicin. When capsaicin
activates the TRPV1 receptor in a person's body, it is similar to what happens
when they experience stress or pain from an injury. Strangely, capsaicin can
問1
1972
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ページ32:

also make pain go away. Scientists found that TRPV1 ceases to be turned on
after long-term exposure to chili peppers, temporarily easing painful
sensations. Thus, skin creams containing capsaicin might be useful for people
who experience muscle aches.
5 Another benefit of eating chili peppers is that they accelerate the
metabolism. A group of researchers analyzed 90 studies on capsaicin and body
weight and found that people had a reduced appetite when they ate spicy
foods. This is because spicy foods increase the heart rate, send more energy
to the muscles, and convert fat into energy. Recently, scientists at the
University of Wyoming have created a weight-loss drug with capsaicin as a
main ingredient.
6 It is also believed that chili peppers are connected with food safety, which
might lead to a healthier life. When food is left outside of a refrigerated
environment, microorganisms multiply on it, which may cause sickness if
eaten. Studies have shown that capsaicin and other chemicals found in chili
peppers have antibacterial properties that can slow down or even stop
microorganism growth. As a result, food lasts longer and there are fewer
food-borne illnesses. This may explain why people in hot climates have a
tendency to use more chili peppers, and therefore, be more tolerant of spicier
foods due to repeated exposure. Also, in the past, before there were
refrigerators, they were less likely to have food poisoning than people in cooler
climates.
7 Chili peppers seem to have health benefits, but can they also be bad for
our health? Peppers that are high on the Scoville Scale can cause physical
discomfort when eaten in large quantities. People who have eaten several of 3
the world's hottest chilis in a short time have reported experiencing upset
stomachs, diarrhea, numb hands, and symptoms similar to a heart attack.
Ghost peppers, which contain one million SHUS, can even burn a person's skin
if they are touched.
Luckily the discomfort some people feel after eating spicy foods tends to
go away soon usually within a few hours. Despite some negative side effects,
spicy foods remain popular around the world and add a flavorful touch to the
table. Remember, it is safe to consume spicy foods, but you might want to be
careful about the amount of peppers you put in your dishes.
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)
問千

ページ33:

Presentation slides:
Chili Peppers:
The Spice of Life
Characteristics
chili peppers
wasabi
⚫oil-like elements
44
triggering TRPV1 changing to vapor
persistent feeling spicy rush
1
2
Positive Effects
Negative Effects
Capsaicin can...
45
When eating too many strong chili
A. reduce pain.
peppers in a short time,
B. give you more energy.
C. speed up your metabolism.
make you feel less stress.
E. decrease food poisoning.
Spice Tolerance
48
3
46
47
Closing Remark
49
4
-
5
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What is the first characteristic of wasabi on Slide 2?
burning taste
fire-like sensation
3 lasting feeling
light compounds
2 Which is an error you found on Slide 3?
45
①A
2 B
3 C
④D
44
⑤E
3 Choose two options for Slide 4. (The order does not matter.)
46
47
you might activate harmful bacteria.
you might experience stomach pain.
you might lose feeling in your hands.
your fingers might feel like they are on fire.
⑤your nose might start hurting.
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4 What can be inferred about tolerance for spices for Slide 5? 48
People with a high tolerance to chili peppers pay attention to the spices
used in their food.
People with a high tolerance to wasabi are scared of chili peppers'
negative effects.
People with a low tolerance to chili peppers can get used to their heat,
People with a low tolerance to wasabi cannot endure high SHU levels.
5 Choose the most appropriate remark for Slide 6. 49
全体
Don't be afraid. Eating spicy foods will boost your confidence.
Next time you eat chili chicken, remember its punch only stays for a
second.
Personality plays a big role in our spice preference, so don't worry.
Unfortunately, there are no cures for a low wasabi tolerance.
⑤When someone offers you some spicy food, remember it has some
benefits.
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