ページ3:

Continue
100
doing
A
together
with B
Br261 A
5.
《美法≫
hand A down from 8.
BからAを受け継ぐ
Q
Q5
Qs
無生物声 声を利的に訳す。(人以外がそのとき→不自然にならないように)
①(原因・理由など)
声により1字のために1点のおかげで
②(条件・4枚)
ふおれば/(を用いることによって
v
0
し
0
" 色により、はる(意味)
誰により、OVIME
No.
Date
because
of
die
to
A
40
owing
on accouse of
(thanks to)
What
are
some field researchers continuing to documere?
They are continuing to document the surprising characteristics
Who is doing reserch on
→ John Boyle is.
the Hidotsu longuage!
What does Alex Guin say about native longuages?
of little-known language
He
says
that native languages go to where
the English language cannes travel.

ページ4:

No.
3
Date
1. Field linguists often work (for years) to
フルールド言語はしばしば10000~15000
a 300- to 400-page grammar book, and
a
list of example sentences.
produce a dictionary of 10,000 to
So far,
15,000 words,
300~400ページの実例の炎を作るために何年間も
今までのところど
Boyle has a basic Hidatsa dictionary of 4.500
nouns and verbs, and
ボールはヒダーツの¥500の名詞と動詞の基的な辞書と、基本的な文法の本を持っている。
a basic
grammer book Students use
these materials to become
生は彼ら独自の母国語を流に話せるようになるように
fluent in
their original native tong
2. Linguists study the materials to
言語学者は障が時間を求めてその燃料
look for unique features.
For
example, one important
51 $15
language universal involves the order of words.
左上に通じる言葉は業の中で課の順序を必要とする。
in
a
sentence.
An English sentence
関係する
such as
a
the boy hit the ball" follows
subject verb object ($vo) word order.
the boy kit tre ballの英語の文は主語述語 (SV)いる。
-
HER
In many languages, the
Same
sentence would be "the boy the
ball
hit"
-
a pattern
piscents
known
M
Sov. These are
the
Two
most
common patterns, and
certain others.
FIM
were (long) thought to
be impossible.
✓
3.
But in
the
the 1980s. linguists (studying rare tongues in
the
Amazon) discovered
文字通り
the object verb.
-
subject (OV) word order,
The
which translated literally as the ball hit the by
(hosts
pattern really surprised the linguists. It linguists hadn't noticed those languages,"
ももからの言語によづかなかったら
(80)
we might still have a
says David Harrison of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania,
24
an impossible sertence pattern for a
mistaken idea that Ove is
OVAという文型は不可能だという誤った考えを今でも持
私たちは言においし

ページ5:

literal : 文字通りの
iiterate : 読み書きできる
literary: £of
No.
Date
Q. To document or
save dying languages, what
are field linguists working to produce?
Q1
→
They
ove working to produce dictionaries, grammer books, and a list of example sentences.
Why do linguists study the materials?
(Because) They study the materials to look for unique features
What unusual word order did linguists discover in the Amazon.
+ They discovered the object - verb- subject (OVS) word order.

ページ6:

No.
Date
4
PREST
1.
2.
Many languages use suffixes to define the truth value of
京
stutemene. Hidats and
a
(X)
other languages in it's language family stand out by having as many as 18 of these markers.
ヒダーファ語が痛する試験の他の言語
特徴を持っている
In Hidator, (for example), the basic sentence "the man kissed the womon."
成
is
built (by)
オーウェ
using the words
macee for man, wir
for
woman
and iigiracoobi for kiss. But a Hidatsa
speaker would
〈書〉
have to explain how he or she came upon this information.
「過ちがいる
If the speaker witnessed the
「観光」
>
event and knows it for a fact, then markers would be added.
もしもの話がそのことを目撃し(かつ)現在、事業として知っているなら、いくつかのをつけてその人を以下のように読まれるようにするか
(5)
to make one sentence read
B1227
macces
wiah iigiracoobitourees. (But) (if the speaker is
(passed down through generations)o the final marter would change
telling a traditional
story
下の世代の波
making the sentence:
marcees
wiaha
iigiracoobiwarce'
3. At Smarthome
toorees(事実として同)
*FM
.
College Honigon has spent years documenting rare languages in Fiberia.
He made an interesting discovery. Tota has
add A to b
FEAST
€
a
今は深い発見をした。
single suffix/sig) that can be added to
名詞にもつけられるのは""あり
any noun, changing it into a word
その名詞のにおいがする
That
とか、“へとかというにおいという単語に変える
means
Smelling of or
smelling like "
For instance, the word for reindeer in Toto is
ivi, so ivising
means smelling like a rein
FAK
Linguists argue that little pieces of information like this
ちょっとした
the limits of how the brain organizes language.
are
essential for understanding
制
成する
©
男性が女性にキスをしたという情報
ピジン英語
クレオール語

ページ7:

indeer."
allix thes
Suffix #448
kind
prefixess
太陽が西から昇った
un kind
- F
1
0
as many as
no less than
(know for
a free
事実として知っている)
read A (as) B
AEBだと読む
make
a discovery
=
discover
Q-10
What
ove
suffixes used for
4
In
many languages?
They are need to define the truth value of a statement.
Q₁
-
-
How do
9
you say
woman
in
the Hidats
language?
wia-
No.
Date
What do linguists think "little pieces of language" are essential for ?
They think they
ove essential for understanding the limits of how the brain organises language.

ページ8:

No.
5
Dato.
1.
Small and endangered languages can also hold indigenous knowledge, for example about
dx(3)
危機
the medical value of centrin planes," says Harrison.
医(医500) (グライダーシビングソ
その土地特旬の
Small cultures
contin a wealth of knowledge
豊富に
(abour nature) (that is about to
be lost," he says.
be about to 「今しようとしている」 解
2.
Language of small cultures
can
even
shed light on
human
migration.
"A
language
is
probably
the most important artifact (a
culture
possesses.."
says.
Fobert Fankin, a professor at the
At her
所持する
University of Kansas. "Language
can tell us
about things that archaeology connor."
full
For example, the material artifacts of the Wiyot and Yurok tribes of nother
えば、カルフォルニアのリヨット ヨロック族の逆はカリフルオジブリやシャイニーのものではな
different
California ure
from those of the Ojibwa, Shawnee and similar tribes of the northeast.
But their languages share essential
characteristics
しかし、それらの言語は美法が話量の重要な特徴を共用している。
~したにちがいない
of
grammer
and vocabulary.
"So the tribes must have come from the
group
ですからこれらの部族は大昔のある時に同一のグループからわかれたに違いありません。
some
at
some time in the
distant past)"
says Rankin.
これは産等が旬まで決して明らかにすることができなかった非常に重要な情報だよ
v
"This is really important information (that archaeology could never have revealed."
"Researchers hope (that the new push (to gave endangered languages) will make
発者たちは完機言語と救おうとする努力が実を結ぶことを望んでいるが、
a difference,
Languages
but it is not clear (whether the efforts will slow the pace of language loss. For many,
その努力によ言語消滅の速度を減速させるかどうかは不明である。
time is running out」
時間がなくなっている。
多くの言語にとって
Nearly 550 languages have fewer than 100 fluent speakers.
550億の言語は幅な話者が100人にも満たない。
②だからそれらの部族は遠い昔のあるときに、同じ国からやってきたにちがいない。
③ 研究者たちは危機言語を救う新たな後押しが違いをもたらしてくれることを望んでいるが、
努力が言語の消滅の速度を遅くするかどうかは明らかではない。

ページ9:

run
eut
なくなる
he run
out of A
Aを使いはたす
No.
Date
Q₁
Can indigenous languages hold knowledge about the medical value of certain plants?
Yes, they can.
Qiy. What else
can the language of small cultures
→ They can shed light on
shed light on?
human migration.
Dis. How many languages have fewer thane for fluent speakers?
-
Nearly
550
languages do.

ページ10:

No.
1 Date
Language
Focus
1571%
1. Hidatsa documentation is
carried out
vy
John
OVE was
1. We had a mistaken idea that
3. He become
+
Boyle, a linguist at the University of Chicago
on impossible sentence preferm.
professional pirnist at the age of seventeen
TRY 1. The future of Japan lies in you young people.
日本のはあなたたち若者にかかっているのだ。
2. We heard the news that our school football team had won.
5.
私たちは私たちの学校のフットボールチームが勝ったという知らせを聞いた。
I like the idea of getting up early, but it is difficult for me
私は早起きをするという考えが好きだが、それは私にとって難しい。
⑩ 名詞構文、名詞表現
1. Alex Guin is
a fluere speaker of Hidossa.
Alex Gwin speaks Hidatsa fluently.
2. Boyle prid
a visit to Quin.
Boyle visited
Guin
an interesting discovery.
3. He made
4. 1
was surprised at
his sudden death.
TRY
I was surprised that he died suddenly.
1. Most people don't make use of all
of
2. We
computer's functions.
researched the condition that
we should
use
change some of our school rules-
Search
②無生物主語:原因や理由、方法や手段、条件となるものなどと言語にある。
1. The OVS pattern surprised the linguists.
or
The lingrives were exsprised be
the OVS pattern.
2. This bus will take you to the station.
3
"You can get to the station on
3. This picture reminds
me
of
this bus..
my junior high days.
When I look at this picture, I remember my junior high days.

ページ11:

NO.
DATE
TRY
1. His height makes him stand
Stands
He te stood out
in
2. Newspapers tell us
what
a
out in
crowd
a crowd.
because of
"by his height.
is going on
We are told what is going on
in the world
in the world by newspapers.
Me. Fuji
3. The heavy rain prevented us
from climbing
were prevented from climbing Me. Fuji by the
-We
4. Basketball, her favorite sport, has brought her
→She has being brought a
Developing Your Stills
a
heavy
rain.
lot of good friends.
lot of good friends by buskeeball, her favorite sport.
☹ 1
2. whether
3. of
4. that
5
1
We attempted to
Swim
OCROSS
the lake.
1
Those professors
are
research
1. Her illess kept her
+
in the hospital for six weeks.
She was kept in the hospital for six weeks by her
2. The heavy snow
7. Our departure
3. This road will
-
made us put off the departure
was
You will be taken to the station
Take
que
you
off by the heavy mowe
the
Station
by this road.
4
These glasses will
→ You will be able
enable you to
to
see better
see better
by these glasses.
5
attress.
When has brought you here?
7 Why do you come.
here?
6. Machives help us produce more food with
9
less work
We are helped produce more food with less work by machines.
1
Many animals and plovits are
on the verge of extinating
2.
Many scientists
hes
voiced
the
concern
about speices which
are
on the verge of extinering.
3
4
In
It is believed that some plants have medical value, but they disapper without know to human.
my town, old forest is passed down through generations.
You can see valuable plants and animals
5. I think ther
WL
even now
should keep without damaging and priss down generations in the future
The forest