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[41] In the 1st paragraph, what is meant by "The understanding of human origins was turned on its head"?
1. Recent evidence has allowed a long-held theory to be settled conclusively.
2. Findings in Ethiopia and Morocco confirm the path Homo sapiens took leaving Africa.
3. Understanding of human development is centered on studying the braincase.
4. A surprising discovery has caused a significant change in our perception of Homo sapiens.
hist ba
A[42] Which of the following claims is made in the article? bed 150)
1. Ancient humans had more spherical heads than modern humans.000,01" ten
2. Homo sapiens once shared the earth with other closely related species.
Modern humans are a younger species than previously thought. monsoon
There is broad agreement that evolution took place in an "Adamic" way..
did not emarge.
[43] According to the article, what is one surprising finding?
Basi-gnol
1. Human bones were found in a narrow geographic region. ole solid chota syad zosta
2. Compared to modern humans, our ancestors had oddly shaped faces.000. ni como voan
3. The family structure has not changed much over evolutionary time.
4. Homo sapiens have existed longer than originally thought. av lastnega stol
[44] What is the purpose of mentioning the flints in the 4th paragraph?
✗ to demonstrate that the remains were those of hunter-gatherers
2. to explain how the age of the bones found next to them was determined
to suggest that the flints are an interesting subject for future research
to 1-al-gmodelmi
named wol
from hot simvolla
[4. to show the advanced toolmaking ability of the ancient people (or to P
paragraph?
[45] What is true about the Florisbad discovery, as mentioned in the 5th
Signing an
It is by far the oldest and most revealing discovery of its time. how to abasawol to boo
2. It helped to date the discovery of Morocco with greater precision.hatan mind gigily Onseng
It was newer than previous discoveries of the same kind.
iq [02] ved at work sausaiba flow
4. It was properly understood only after the discovery in Morocco.
bol Y
off bovishnu amit is) to rom inga didadong abalone bovisang lasi silt to you
ownsqmsi sidsiz qolamansy bas idgilmuz moi is an insanenivas wonmordue
[it] biger ob zamortuner andw ipsi of goigs bas noitalizó pointslooon sibiroquai lu Rut bas san a
daveworld wob bris quasnutmaginot grilova riguonti vlogial snob analnim soatgaiga
cie w foun boliery eval ista-bouorgsbat agnili svery of galat of cloud nb worse and
ava ni ban-svir
ba ilun hos2 indol sa squad but 20 or m
ayewis iliw owainnollim bra ash 1970 TO 19
olan
of and profs gedrig vorlie
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1540337
長い時間。
zke R
4
2
3
英語Ⅱ
次の文章に関して、空欄補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。まず、[46]から[55]の空所を埋
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切な語を1から3の中から選び、その番号を解答欄 (46) (55)
にマークしなさい。 次に、内容に関する [56]から[60] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。 そのうち、 文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (56) から
(60) にマークしなさい。
Over the last two decades, I have been working at The Long Now Foundation to build a
monument-scale "10,000 Year Clock" as an icon to long-term thinking, with computer scientist Danny
Hillis and a team of engineers. The idea is to create a [46](1. justification 2. simplification
3. provocation) large enough in both scale and time that when confronted by it, we have to engage our
long-term future.
Building a 10,000-year machine required diving into both history and the present to see how
artefacts have lasted. While we can slow the workings of the clock itself down so that it only ticks as
many times in 10,000 years as a watch does in a person's lifetime, what about the materials and location?
Ticks
Over the last 20 years I have studied how other structures and systems have lasted [47](1. for good
水人に
2. over time 3. as expected), and visited as many of them as I can. Some sites have been conserved by
憩していたように、
simply being lost or buried, some have survived in plain sight by their sheer mass, others have had much
more [48] (1. ambitious 2. programmed 3. subtle) strategies.
野心のある
125 Scheft Tra
at show aeron la coff
Few human-made objects or organisations last more than a handful of centuries, much less
[56]
millennia. Stories, myths, religions, a handful of institutions, [49](1) as well as 2. putting aside
3. in contrast to) some structures and artefacts have lasted this long. Most of these were not built with [57]
the intention of extreme longevity, but are accidents of history. More recent efforts such as nuclear waste
sites, genealogic repositories and seed vaults, are being designed explicitly to last for thousands-or
even hundreds of thousands of years. There are a series of lessons (we can learn from the past and
present, ranging from material science and engineering, to the ideological. I will cover some of these as
well as discuss how they have [50](1. replicated 2. jeopardized (3. influenced) our work on the 10,000
Year Clock.
V
0
Many of the best preserved artefacts probably spent most of their time underground. The
subterranean environment protects them from sunlight and generally keeps a very stable temperature.
The rise and fall of temperature accelerates oxidation and aging. In fact, when manufacturers do rapid [8]
aging tests for materials, it is done largely through cycling temperatures up and down. There is, however
one serious drawback to trying to preserve things underground-water. I have visited nuclear waste sites
in the US and Europe, the Global Seed Vault, and the Mormon Genealogical Archive-and in every
case they are fighting a losing battle to keep water out. Over centuries and millennia, water will always
-14-

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総
as
強く受けるね
5
7
find a
way
in. The only successful [51](1. sanitisations 2. mitigations 3. reservoirs) of water (I have
seen are when
when it is redirected rather than blocked The ancient rice paddies of Asia are a testament to
the effectiveness of carefully directing water over thousands of years.
C
but for id
Building the 10,000 Year Clock underground is important (not only for preservation but for
timekeeping as well. Temperature change causes metals to expand and contract, requiring clever and
imperfect schemes to keep devices like pendulums at the same length and [52](1. otherwise 2. therefore
3. alternately) keep regular time. The less temperature change a mechanical clock experiences, the more
accurate it will be. However, after witnessing the struggles with water at nearly every underground site
I have visited, we had to think very carefully about how we tackle it. Our underground site is built at the
top of a mountain in order to minimise the area of drainage that can collect water) (but we still assume
FRIMC
that water will get in. To [53]. address 2. formulate 3. expedite) this eventuality, we angled every
しまかどらす
underground surface away from the clock and made sure that water] would not be trapped anywhere and
対するために
V
could escape at the bottom of the site: If we can't stop the water, we can choose where to direct it.
S
The final and greatest danger to building anything that lasts is human beings themselves. In recent
years we have witnessed some of the world's oldest sites (destroyed because their values or ideology]
were seen (as in conflict. One of the more [54. heart-breaking 2. arm-twisting 3. knee-slapping) of
these was the Taliban's destruction of the massive Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan. It is hard to
imagine a more innocuous religious symbol than a Buddha, but it was threatening enough to the Taliban
to spend weeks blasting these amazing artefacts out of the cliffs.
How do we make something of value and cultural significance that will not at some point be
stolen or destroyed? This is the true question when we ask how to build something like the 10,000 Year
Clock. It is not the engineering of the materials and its workings, but the civilisation [55] around
2. against 3. beyond) it, which we hope to shape as one that cares for both the present and the future.
We hope that by building such things, they challenge us not just technically, but ethically as well. We
hope that they challenge us to become better ancestors.
よりよい祖先になることに異議をとなえる
-Based on Rose, A. (2019). "How to build something that lasts 10,000 years," BBC Future.
winsqus Icargolonist!
comidinca som meg..
Homo noieqqe burlongs elab
184
loq tulbim bos bolqining www smoo
rolando to goibartaban absudo A
[59]
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総
A
[56] According to the 1" paragraph, the author and his team hope that the "10,000 Year Clock" will be
regarded as
1. a critique of the disposability of our modern devices.ment is to all
2. an ideal case of modern technological achievement.
ahu but') of philo
③a symbol of humankind's ability to look far into the future.
judo sticsqueal flaw as piquosmij
4. an example of humankind's eagerness to learn from the past.
[57] According to the 3rd paragraph, which statement is true of human-generated items and concepts that
have lasted thousands of years?
1. Most of them have survived in spite of a lack of careful planning.
Most
Roughly half of them have endured by design, and the rest by chance.✗
3. Historically, many items have been destroyed by accident. ✗
4. A high percentage of them were purposefully designed to do so.
i mnom 616 qo
location not
[58] According to the 4th paragraph, why would an above-ground storage location not be opportune for
the 10,000 Year Clock?
en berub este sublo blot to 202
1. The clock could be deliberately ruined.
2. The clock could deteriorate at a faster rate. u svim sito noises a nod
tow seat
3. The clock could languish in a stable temperature.nya anoigtly succenni stow a snigami
4. The clock could become submerged in water.one gaisma sad girl bow bosqof
[59] According to the 6th paragraph, why did the Taliban destroy the Buddhas of Bamiyan?
1. The enormous statues were an obstacle to the Taliban's military construction plans.
2. The Taliban felt the statues could easily be used as propaganda by their enemy. adi ton ei ol
3. The local people pleaded with them to use the material for practical purposes. broved E reminge
4. The Taliban were philosophically opposed to what the statues signified. gibliud yd tech god W
[60] According to the passage, the author hopes that participants in the "10,000 Year Clock" project will
1. gain more sophisticated technological expertise.X
2. develop a profound appreciation of teamwork. >>
3. become more principled and mindful people.
4. obtain a deeper understanding of our history.X
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英語II
ソフトパワー
FJ
2
3
次の文章に関して、空欄補充問題と読解問題の二つがあります。 まず、[61]から[80] の空所を埋
めるのに、文脈的に最も適切な語を1から3の中から選び、その番号を解答欄 (61)から(80)
にマークしなさい。次に、 内容に関する [81]から[90] の設問には、1から4の選択肢が付されて
います。そのうち、文章の内容からみて最も適切なものを選び、その番号を解答欄 (81) から
(90) にマークしなさい。
201
The changing attitude toward Soft Power stems not from its theoretical dimension, but from a
changing global landscape. The 21st century will be characterized by growing competition among three
giants China, India and the United States. To contend with this triumvirate, nations will create short-
一頭政治
termed strategic alliances that will collectively bargain opposite the giants, or force their hands. These
alliances will rest on shared interests, not shared values. In a world [61](1. suppressed 2. restored
3. Roverned) by increased competition as opposed to cooperation, the practice of Soft Power will
become secondary. The benefit of strategic alliances lies in their malleability. Unlike the Cold-War era,
展性・順応性、柔軟
nations will not be bound to one giant On the contrary) nations will collaborate with different giants
→emanation.
towards different ends. National power will [621(1. emanate from 2. escape into 3. erode away) a
発散する。
nation's status (as a desirable member in strategic alliances. This desirability may rest on diverse
resources ranging from economic stability to technological infrastructure and geographic location. Now
is not the age of uni-polarity or bi-polarity. Now is the age of giants, and in this age, power will function [81]
differently.
Vladimir Putin once stated that 'I would prefer to abandon the terminology of the past.
プーチン
Superpower is something that we used during the Cold War time. Why use it now?" The demise of the
Cold War led scholars to reconsider additional terms including power. In a world no longer marked by
ideological conflict and a nuclear arms race, collaboration rather than [63 ①⑩. confrontation
2. comradery 3. convergence) could be the order of the day. In a seminal article, Professor Joseph Nye
収
introduced the concept of Soft Power Ultimately Nye argued, the attractiveness of a nation's culture,
political values, and foreign policy will be more influential on its engagement with other nations than
the number of ballistic missiles at its disposal.
bor pagod jon bomo a thi
We argue that the world is in the midst of profound structural change, and that this change
necessitates that the concept of power be examined yet again. [64](1. Inadvertently 2. Conversely [82]
3. Specifically), we contend that this century will see the emergence of a modern day triumvirate of
three giants. While middle powers such as Russia, Iran, Brazil and the European Union will remain
central to global affairs, it is the three giants who will dictate the rules of the game) India's population
size and status as a global telecommunications hub will see its power [65](1. reabsorb 2. supplement
3. overshadow) that of Iran or Brazil. China's financial dominance and global military reach will eclipse
②③✓ overshadow)
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financial
• military
7
5
6
4
(that of Russia, while the US's strength will continue to rest on its mass investment in defense, and ardent
commitment to consumerism.
V
C
熱心な
We argue that the
of strategic alliances will become a core concept in the field of
power
international relations due to its ability to account for relationships that cannot be explained through the
Soft Power [66](K paranoia 2. paradox 3. paradigm). A strategic alliance will consist of several nations
09.01
who share a common interest that can only be secured by one of the giants. Jointly, alliance members
will hold greater sway [67](1. under 2. over 3. around) a giant, or even threaten to align with another
giant. Yet once an alliance has obtained its goal, it will disband. For in a world dominated by three giants>
permanent alliances will be harder to maintain. Continuous competitions (between the giants will send
constant ripple effects locally, regionally and globally and shifting [68](1. fads 2. gears 3. sands) will
result in new alliances.
When Joseph Nye first introduced the concept of Soft Power in 1990, the bi-polar system was
drawing its last [69] (1. picture 2. arrow(3. breath). The collapse of the Soviet Union was imminent
while Communist states in Eastern Europe were openly courted by the West. The bi-polar world was
one of Hard Power defined by an arms race that ultimately bankrupted the Soviet Union. The exercise
of power, or changing the actions of other states, rested heavily on the use of weapons and the threat of
force. Nye hypothesized that the post-Cold War world would be marked by collaboration as shared
[83]
challenges would necessitate shared solutions. (e.g., terrorism or drug trade). The world would also [87]
become more interdependent thanks to advances in transportation and telecommunications.
より的に
[70]1. Given
Given 2. Ignoring 3. Afraid) that the post-Cold War era would rest on cooperation, Nye
conceptualized Soft Power as 'getting other states to want what you want'. The Soft Power arsenal
would include culture, political values and foreign policy. If a state could make its power seem
[71](1. impotent 2. monotonous 3. legitimate) in the eyes of others, it would encounter less resistance
32
to its foreign policies (If a 'state's culture and ideology seemed attractive, allies would be willing to
follow it rather than being ordered to do so. And if a state could establish international norms consistent
with its own society, it would not be required to alter its behavior.
30
・同格で言い換えがどんどんなされている!
Nye's original article was also a manifestor [72](1. lifeboat 2. password 3. roadmap) that sought
to guide America through times of global restructuring while avoiding conflicts with other states.
TO Through Soft Power, America could make the world American without using weapons. American
ideology, masked in culture, arts and cultural exchanges would reshape the international system while []
American prosperity would win over former Communist States. [73](1. Consequently 2. Superficially
3. Indignantly), the world would change to accommodate America rather than America changing to
accommodate the world.
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ページ9:

equivocate []
8
9
10
11
The concept of Soft Power had an [74](1. antagonistic 2.
敵する
3. immense) influence on
policy makers throughout the world. Following the Cold War, numerous nations invested billions of
dollars on Soft Power initiatives. These included the creation of radio and television stations; the
promotion of cultural institutions (e.g., Confucius Institutes); the expansion of foreign exchange
programs and, more recently, maintaining social media empires spanning thousands of YouTube,
Facebook and Twitter accounts. Most [75](1. unsettled ②. taken 3. upset) with the Soft Power concept
was the Obama White House. As Foreign Policy wrote in 2011, 'All roads to understanding American
foreign policy run through Joseph Nye'.
2013
In many ways the Obama Presidency and its Middle Eastern policy symbolize the
具体例
[761(1.) practical 2. personal 3. commercial) limitations of Soft Power, Following the Bush
administration's War on Terror, Obama started his tenure with the 'New Beginnings' address in which
he called for a new beginning to America's relationship with the Muslim world. This
☑. proclamation 2. application ✗ fabrication) was followed by mass investments in Soft Power
throughout the region including broadcasting, cultural exchanges, and citizen diplomacy programs. Yet
despite the consistent and expansive engagement with Arabs and Muslims in the Middle East and South
Asia anti-American sentiment remains high. Not even America's war on the cruelty of the Islamic State
不定の倒置
was enough to win the hearts and minds of the Muslim world.
America's failure to successfully engage the Middle East through Soft Power was further
[78](1) magnified 2. repeated 3. lauded) by Russia's effective use of Hard Power Sensing America's
unwillingness to involve itself in another military conflict, Vladimir Putin carpet bombed his way to
Damascus. Supporting President Assad and the Alawi Shiite minority against the majority Sunni
opposition, Putin aligned himself with Iran, Hezbollah, and a variety of Shiite militia fighters from all
over the world. Overseeing a [79]01. rhetorical 2. brutal ✗. moral) war, Putin and his allies killed more
than half a million people, and it led to the ethnic cleansing of Sunnis in many parts of Syria.
2.
And what was the cost to Russia? The Soft Power model would [80] (1. assure 2. predict 3. reject)
that Russia would lose its legitimacy, its seat at the table of international affairs or at the very least turn
into an outcast. Western diplomats did in fact wail into microphones while UN ambassadors tweeted
images of dead Syrians. Yet Russia gained its stronghold in the region. Even more importantly, Russia
has become a genuine powerbroker in the region with Lebanon, Iraq and even Israel looking to bolster
their ties with the Kremlin. Obama talked. Putin bombed. The results speak for themselves.mod
-Based on Manor, I. and Golan, G.J. (2020). E-International Relations.
auigolo bi sasvit of senegal soubor
La corvom narod! gnitioqui
bhow sill bioak uniaino boa outono sonsgel stoning of evitand
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[81] At the end of the 1" paragraph, what do the authors probably mean by "Now is the age of giants?"
1. For the foreseeable future, a handful of countries will influence world affairs.
2. Nowadays, it is the largest and most populous nations that will prosper.
za
pion
Town Hotellou
3. Russia and the United States will continue to be the world's superpowers. to mostantina
4. Small countries should stand up to larger ones to avoid being conquered.
num anagont
[82] Which of the following statements best fits the description of the "giants" in the 3rd paragraph?
1. Their influence will be conferred by large populations.
Spoil d) N
Tevi devar (buil, ma voilog mal
2. Their status will depend on more than one factor.
3. Their power will be determined by military superiority.ut
4. Their standing will stem from cooperativeness.
[83] Which of the following is a characteristic of "strategic alliances," as described in the 4th
1. They foster competition between less powerful nations to attract the giants' attention.
2. They are the reason why several giants will come to dominate international relations.
3. They have joint objectives that cannot be obtained without cooperation from a giant.
4. They consist mostly of partnerships between the three giants aimed at shared goals.
'paragraph?
[84] According to the 5th paragraph, which of the following was an assumption Joseph Nye probably
made when he first proposed the idea of Soft Power?
boteogen boilies
Isai love (d zasugnilli vnu
kinobizon grinoqond auxamed
Boyle of suliet 'ex
1. The country that won the arms race would have the most influence.
2. The world would become an increasingly fragmented, isolated place.
3. The need for cooperation to deal with global issues would increase.
4. Russia would remain in a strong position for the time being.
(te mai mingil made to you boudelled sit at this and bongile di moloqqo
[85] What was a supposed benefit to America of implementing Nye's "manifesto" as described in the
paragraph?, vitam ni sinna?
worldbol il bits olqooq olim a led nadi
7th
1. America could stop conflicts among countries without violence by spreading prosperity.
om of 2.
Tew tai b
cod blag azЯted
2. Other countries would adopt democratic governments in imitation of America. A
3. The culture and art of America could slow the spread of communism around the world.
Wrote ne ojmi
4. International norms would come to be shaped by America's values, and not vice versa.
outd
[86] Which of the following is most probably an example of Japan using Soft Power? :smond and
1. income tax programs to allow citizens to financially support their local areas
2. promoting study abroad by Japanese students to foster global human resources
3. importing foreign movies and media that introduce Japanese to diverse ideologies
4.) initiatives to promote Japanese cartoons, literature, and cuisine around the world
-21-

ページ11:

[87] According to the article, which of the following was NOT a result of the Obama administration's
policy toward the Middle East?
9th/10th
1. Cultural and political methods were tried.
2. America fought against the Islamic State.
③ Negative opinions on America were changed.
4. Large amounts of money and effort were spent.
[88] The authors compare American and Russian involvement in the Middle East in order to
1. advise that Lebanon, Iraq, and Israel form a strategic alliance to avoid the same fate as Syria.
2. show that the use of military might is often the last option to achieve national goals.
3. illustrate that the results of using the Soft Power model did not live up to expectations.
4. prove that Vladimir Putin was a militaristic leader while Barack Obama was a peaceful one.
[89] Why do the authors say, "The results speak for themselves" in the end of the passage? 10th 170 Pa
1. Putin's approach gave Russia a firmer leadership position in the Middle East.
確固たる
2. Obama's policies caused the decline of America's economic power in the Middle East.✗
3. Obama's actions counterbalanced the Bush administration's War on Terror.
✓
4. Putin's strategy was responsible for the deaths of around 500,000 people in Syria.
[90] Which of the following would be the best title for this article?
1. The Strategic Alliances of America
2. The Irrelevance of Soft Power
3. The Hard Power of Vladimir Putin
4. The Giants among the Superpowers
-22-

ページ12:

大学
慶應総合政策
科目
英
年度 2022
日付 20222123
英語Ⅰ 1.モロッコで発見した化石
←
人間の起源に関する発見を覆すもの
・ホモ・サピエンスの約10万年前のもの
2.まさに我々の種のルーツ
3.思っているよりも我々の種は古い
エデンの園といった今までの想定よりも複雑なシナリオ
4.石畑で化石代を計算することができる
5.人類の歴史は思っている以上に複雑
ホモ・サピエンスは約30万年前までにアフリカ全土に広がっていた
モロッコは研究者にとって想定外の場所
(発見)
顔の形ははじめから確立されていたが、
頭の形はだんだんと進化を遂げた
6.頭の形的に帽子をかぶれば溶けこめてしまうくらい!
ホモサピエンスはネアンデルタールなどとも交流していたはず
でも、
総統が分かれたのは約65万年以上前ではなく「よいか?

ページ13:

大学
科目
英語 1.「一万時計」の作成
年度
長期的な未来と向き合わなければならない
2.作るためには...
・人工物がどのように長持ちしてきたのか?
刻む回数?素材?場所?
A.埋めてしまう
微妙な戦略
3. 数千年以上存続するものはほとんどない
しかし一握りのものは長続いている
(理由)歴史の事故
最近は数千、数十万の寿命を想定して設計
4.保存状態のよい建物→地下
日付
一番の問題点
方向転換することで水をよける。
5. 時を刻むために重要
6.長持ちする上で最大の危険は、実は人間そのもの
過去にもたくさんのものを壊してきた
7、ではどうしたらよいのか
X材料などの問題
○現在と未来を大切にする文化形成
技術力+倫理感

ページ14:

日付
年度
大学
科目
英語Ⅱ 1..ソフトパワーに対する考え方
<起因>世界の情報が変化する。
中国
インド アメリカ
巨人
利官の共有に=
各国による
よるもの
同盟
細
<同盟の利点>柔軟性
つようにつの巨人に縛られる
※冷戦時代のよ
国家権力=戦略的同盟の望ましいメンバーとしての
国家の地位を発散することになる。
2、プーチン「超大国という言葉は冷戦時代の言葉なのに、
なぜ今も使う??
ソフトパワーという概念をジョセフ・ナイ教授は紹介
→文化と政治的価値などの魅力がミサイルの数以上に
他国とのかかわりに影響を及ぼす
3.世界の変化は、パワーという概念を検討する必要がある
世界情勢の中心は中堅国であるが、ルールを定するのは巨人目
4. 戦略的同盟が国際関係の中核に?
目的を達成すると解散
巨人たちの絶え間ない戦争 世界的に絶え間ない波紋
→新しい同盟関係

ページ15:

大学
科目
5.ソフトパワーを導入したとき
年度
二極体制のハード・パワーの世界(冷戦)
↓
日付
冷戦後共通の課題に対して共通の解決策が必要になる。
6.ポスト冷戦
より相互依存的に
協力関係にかかっている
ソフトパワー=他国を自分の思い通りにさせること
その思いが正当だと思えればそれに喜んで従う
2
7,ナイの論文
他国との衝突を避けつつ、世界的再編の時代にアメリカを導
ためのロードマップ
・アメリカはソフトパワーによって世界をアメリカイン
8. ソフトパワーの影響は絶大!!
8.概念に最も影響を与えたのは、オバマッホワイトハウス
9. ソフトパワーの実用的
大量の投資をしても、限界があった
(アスリュイアンの()
10.9のソフトパワーの限界はロシアのハードパワーの効果的な使用により拡
プーチンは同盟国の多くの人を殺害し、
スンニ派の民族浄化
11.ハードパワーの代償=国家への参加
ロシアは周辺地域のパワーブローカーに…