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ex.
アマゾンのロゴ
amazon
7
→2まですべて揃っている。
(+)///////// While negative, age-related implicit biases are shaped by subliminal
1- priming*, through seeing images of older people portrayed in a negative light,
犠牲にして前向きにthe effect can also be temporarily reversed by showing positive_visual stimuli,
一時的に
中から変えて
重要
アインシュタイン
=高齢者
1=732
偏見は減るか
結果
such as images of positive role models. But since this is a unique kind of bias,
where out-group favouritism is significant as opposed to the usual_in-group
attachment and affiliations, it is important to address the implicit biases and
chment
negative stereotypes that older people have
that make some individuals try to thwart
(4)対処する
of themselves and the stereotypes
the ageing process with cosmetic
procedures and interventions. Stanford University sociologist Doug McAdam
calls it 'cognitive-liberation', where people have to collectively (and individually)
認知的解法
recognise and define their situation as unjust and one that can be changed by
collective action.
17 Virtual embodiment
an illusion created in immersive virtual reality where
a virtual body is seen as our own has been used in a novel exploratory
environment to address bias against old people. In this particular experiment, 30
(5)
young men were recruited at the University of Barcelona to see if having an older
virtual body (in this case, that of Albert Einstein) can change people's perception
of older people. While also enhancing the cognitive abilities of the participants,
the embodiment of an older body altered their view of age and led to a reduction
of implicit bias against the elderly. The participants did not have to imagine
being old; they inhabited the body of an older person and experienced it directly.
Since the transformed self is now similar to the out-group (617er people in
this case), the negative value associated with the out-group is disrupted and
therefore out-group prejudice is featured By remodelling the perceptions of self,
the associated physiological characteristics could be transformed too. In this
particular case, though, it is not clear whether this change in implicit bias was
because of an association with a famous person (Einstein) or truly because of
the virtual illusion of transformed self. There have been other experiments with
white people given black virtual bodies that have shown a reduction in their
implicit bias against black people lasting at least a week. Literally stepping into
2
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考え方

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someone else's shoes' can give us an important perspective on their experiences,
and so minimise the biases that we carry.
5 Ashton Applewhite, author of This Chair Rocks: A Manifesto Against Ageism,
says the words and language we use around ageing and with reference to old
people matter because if we diminish our regard for the senior members of our
society verbally, we are likely to do the same when it comes to the way we frame
(6)
policy removing their dignity and sense of agency in generalisations that
assume vulnerability and dependence instead of resilience and independence.'
Ashton questions the binary young/old view of the world, and words such as 'the
elderly that suggest a homogenous group. If we view age as a spectrum then
(7).
we minimise the effects of overgeneralisation.
連続
Pragya Agarwal (2020) Sway: Unravelling Unconscious Bias, pp. 315-
326, Bloomsbury Sigma, London,
(注) complicit 共謀して
marbles
subliminal priming 胸下プライミング。 先に与えられた刺激によって,
7
8.
thwart
後の刺激の処理の仕方に無意識のうちに影響が出る現象
阻止する
(注意) 解答する際, 句読点は1マスに1文字記入すること。
1. 下線部(1)の at the expense of の代わりにここで使える表現として最も適切な
ものを次の中から1つ選び, 記号で答えなさい。
(A) mentally damaging
(B) spending money on
(C) with the loss of
(D)) without respect for
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2.下線部(2)について, They が指す内容を明らかにし,それがどのような点で
unique なのか、50字以内の日本語で説明しなさい。
3. 下線部(3) out-group favouritism とはどのようなことか、文脈に即して25字以
内の日本語で説明しなさい。
4. 下線部(4)の address の代わりとして最も適切なものを次の中から1つ選び、記
号で答えなさい。
(A) confront
(C) make a speech about
(B) defend
(D) send a letter about
5. 下線部(5) this particular experiment の目的を 40字以内の日本語で具体的に説
明しなさい。
6.空所(ア)(イ)に入れる語の組み合わせとして最も適切なものを次の中
から1つ選び,記号で答えなさい。
(A)(ア) older
(B) (ア) older
(C) (3) younger
(D) (7) younger
(イ) increased
(イ) reduced
(イ) increased
(1) reduced
7. 下線部(6) do the same の内容を具体的に 20字以内の日本語で説明しなさい。
8. 下線部(7)の we view age as a spectrum とはどのようなことか,40字以内の日
日本語で説明しなさい。
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Ⅱ 次の英文を読んで、下の問いに答えなさい。
(星印(*)のついた語には本文の後に注があります。)
こそこそ嘆ぎ回る
(1)
When Margaret Morris goes to the grocery store, people ask if she's
throwing a party. Her cart is filled with French fries, cheesecakes, meat pies
and other tasty treats. “I (snoop around looking for specials," she says. “I spend
a lot of money on food." Morris is a neuroscientist - someone who studies the
brain. She works at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia.
And yes, she is throwing a party. But her guests aren't people. This fast-food
feast is destined for her lab rats. After a few weeks of all the junk food they can
eat, Morris and her colleagues run the rats through a series of tasks, testing the.
limits of their learning and memory.
(2)
1
(axis.
gut-brain
(①✓ refers to the ongoing )
2
Morris studies what's called the
conversation taking place between the brain and gut. Because of this chatter,
our innards* and the microbes* living in them can affect how we think and
behave. Our brain, in turn, can talk back to our stomach and intestines* and
their bacterial inhabitants. By studying how residents of our gut influence our
brain, Morris and other scientists seek to find out just how much you are what
you eat. Their results may one day enable us to change our feelings and
behaviors all with the right mix of foods and microbes.
3 It's no surprise that our brain sends signals to our gut to control digestion
迷走神経
and other tasks. The brain sends its orders via the vagus nerve*. This long
structure wanders from the very base of the brain down to the gut. Along the
way, it touches many other organs. The brain makes horniones-chemical
signals that it drips into the bloodstream. These, too, flow to the gut. Both the
(3).
vagus nerve and hormones can signal hunger and fullness. They can control,
too, how quickly food moves through us.
比喩表現
4 But the gut doesn't just listen. It also talks back. Microbes inside our
stomach and intestines help break down food. Those microbes create waste
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products that can themselves serve as chemical messengers.
These waste
molecules can trigger a cascade* of signals throughout the rest of the body.
Some microbial cross-talk prompts stomach-lining cells to send chemical
text-messages to the immune system. This can protect us from infection. Some
microbes shoot molecular signals back up the vagus nerve.
Others pump
3
messages - hormones into the bloodstream, from which they'll travel to the
brain. Those hormones can affect everything from memory skills to mood.
5 The brain and gut send constant cascades of notes back and forth, more
連続的な滝の流れ
than any social media. According to Mark Lyte, a microbial endocrinologist * at
Iowa State University in Ames; that peaceful communication serves a critical
purpose. "You have trillions of bugs in your gut and you rely on them for a lot of
your nutrients. But they rely on you to sustain themselves." he says. "They need
to communicate with you. And you need to communicate with them Exactly
what the messages say depends on who's sending them A gut filled with fruits
and vegetables will house a different set of microbes than one used to a diet of
chips, soda and other junk foods. And the messages sent by those different sets
of gut microbes may affect our brains differently.
(5)
6 This is where Morris' rat parties come in. After two weeks on a junk-food
diet full of cakes and fries, her lab rats take a memory test.
Each rat
investigates a space filled with objects. Then, after the rat leaves, Morris and
her colleagues move some of the objects around. The next day, they put the rat
back into the space. If it notices a change in the furnishings, it will spend more
time sniffing around the objects that had moved. Tests like this one rely on an
area of the brain called the hippocampus* (there are two in each brain). These
regions are very important for learning and memory. But after a few weeks of
downing junk food, a rat's hippocampi no longer work so well. The rats don't
(7)
seem to recognize which objects have been moved, unlike those that ate healthy
foods. Could this be because of their gut bugs? Rats that dine on fast food have
a less diverse group of microbes in their guts, Morris and her group find. But
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their gut diversity returned when the scientists gave the junk-food-eating animals
a high dose of a probiotic- - a mix of (ア) gut bacteria. Their memory also
improved. Morris and her colleagues published their findings in the March 2017
Molecular Psychiatry.
出典: Bethany Brookshire (2018) “Belly Bacteria Can Shape Mood and
Behavior."
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/belly-bacteria-can-
shape-mood-and-behavior より抜粋,一部改変
(注) innards 内臓
microbe 微生物, 病原菌
intestine腸
vagus nerve 迷走神経
cascade滝、滝状のもの
endocrinologist 内分泌学者
hippocampus 海馬, 複数形は hippocampi
(注意) 解答する際, 句読点は1マスに1文字記入すること。
1. 下線部(1)の中の party の目的は何か、本文に即して40字以内の日本語で説明
しなさい。
2. 下線部(2)のgul-brain axis と同じ意味を表す表現を次の中から1つ選び, 記号
で答えなさい。
(A) gut-brain expectation'
(C) gut-brain separation
(B) gut-brain interaction
(D) gut-brain unification
3. 下線部(3)の Both the vagus nerve and hormones の役割について,本文に即し
35字以内の日本語で説明しなさい。
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4. 下線部(4)の that peaceful communication が指す内容を、 本文に即して30字以
内の日本語で説明しなさい。
5.下線部(5)と(6)の them はそれぞれ何を指しているか,本文中からそれぞれ1語
を抜き出して書きなさい。
6. 下線部(7)のようになるのはなぜか,本文に即して40字以内の日本語で説明し
なさい。
7.空所(ア)に入る最も適切な語を次の中から選び, 記号で答えなさい。
(A) beneficial
(B) harmful
(C) influential
Gising as ante i migh
(D) neutral
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Ⅲ 次の [A][B] に答えなさい。
[B]
[A] 下の英文の文脈に適合するように,(1)から(3)の(
内の語または句を並
べ替えるとき,それぞれ3番目と5番目にくるものを選び、記号で答えなさ
い。
あ
ま
+8 #6
dru
Bushido, or the "way of the warrior," is often considered a foundation
10776
stone of Japanese culture, both by Japanese people and by outside observers
init
con
Chi
S
of the country. It is difficult to say exactly [when bushido developed
Certainly, many of the basic ideas of bushido - loyalty to one's family and
one's lord, personal honor, bravery and skill in battle, and courage in the
face of death (1)( important for ③ likely been ④ to ⑤ have
⑥ samurai) centuries. Amusingly, scholars of ancient and medieval Japan
often call bushidō a modern invention from the Meiji and Showa eras.)
Meanwhile (2) (①study readers ③who ④Meiji and Shōwa Japan
A
⑤ scholars direct) to study ancient and medieval history to learn more
about the origins of bushido. Both positions are correct, in a way. The word
"bushido" (3) ( did until appear not ⑤ the Meiji Restoration
⑥ after), but many of the concepts (included in bushi
shido were present in
Tokugawa society.
Kallie Szczepanski (April 2, 2018) "The Role of Bushido in Modern
Japan," Thought Co より抜粋, 一部改変
(https://www.thoughtco.com/role-of-bushido-in-modern-japan-
sta
exp
and
red
box
was
for
fro
H
195569)
(1)3番目
⑥6
(2)3番目
5
⑥
(3)3番目
5番目⑥
9
have likely been important to samurai for
schdars who study Meiji and Shōwa Japan direct reader
did not appear until after the
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[B] 次の英文を読んで,その内容に関連づけながら,環境への取り組みに対する
あなたの考えを100語程度の英語で述べなさい。 ただし, 句読点は語数に含め
ません。
In July 2020, Japan started to require convenience stores, supermarkets,
drugstores and other retail outlets to charge for plastic shopping bags. The
料
initiative is aimed at encouraging shoppers to bring their own bags and
comes as Japan falls behind other countries in reducing the use of plastics.
推奨する
3721283
China, Britain, France and South Korea are among countries which have
started charging for plastic shopping bags. Some foreign countries have also
expanded the scope of plastic regulations beyond shopping bags to plates
and straws. Some experts say that Japan should also start debating the
reduction and reuse of other disposable plastic products, such as bento lunch
boxes, straws, bottles and food packages. Over 8 million tons of plastic
waste is estimated to flow into the oceans every year. Japan was responsible
for the largest amount per person after the United States, according to data
from the United Nations.
Kyodo News (July 1, 2020) "Mandatory charging for plastic
shopping bags starts in Japan," Kyodo News &
(https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/07/41 acd 34 e 2118-
mandatory-charging-for-plastic-shopping-bags-starts-in-japan.html)