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Part 2
Researchers have observed primates, the closest relatives of humans,
親
using tools. It is thought that humans and chimpanzees might have
形式主語
チンパンジー
shared a common ancestor millions of years ago. It has also been found
共有する
先祖 何百年
that 98 percent of the gene sequence of chimpanzees is the same as that of
遺伝子 連続した
…と同じ
sequence
⇒ the gene
humans. Chimpanzees make the widest use of tools among primates.
・・・を使う use
Tool use by chimpanzees includes digging into termite mounds with a
白あり
撮る
盛り上がった
large stick and then using a small stick to “fish” the termites out. They
釣る
have been observed cutting down a stick with their fingers and teeth so
歯
that it can fit into a hole in a termite nest. A recent study has revealed
···ができるように
明らかになる
the use of advanced tools such as spears, Chimpanzees in Senegal break
進歩した
…のような
やり
a branch from a tree and sharpen the end using their teeth. They then
鋭い
use this tool to spear bushbabies out of small holes in trees.
刺す
Many birds are also capable of using tools.
ガラコ
be able to do
Among them, New
Caledonian crows make as impressive use of tools as chimpanzees. They
印象
use stiff tools cut from the leaves of trees to get insects from tree holes.
固い
The most complex of these tools are broad at the base and narrow at the
広い
複雑な
せまい
end. The crows hold the broad base with their beaks and use the narrow
カラス
くちばし
end to extract the insects. Chimpanzees and New Caledonian crows not
only use tools but also make tools to fit their purposes.

ページ4:

have observed primates using tools
koswatched
is thought that
形式主語
〇が~しているのを…する
might have sharad ~]
might have pp: ~だったかもしれない
I has also been found [that 98%
形式主語
of the
gene
Sequence
of chimpanzees is
the
same
that
of humans.]
川と同じ
the gene sequence
animal
tool
por pose
target
a large stick digging
chimpanzees
termite
a small stick
to fish
chimpanzees a branch
To spear
bush babies
in Senegal a spear
New Calednia stiff tools
to get
insect
Crows
cut from leaves to extract

ページ5:

Part 3
In 1997, a team of researchers at Zurich University in Switzerland first
チューリッヒ
witnessed dolphins using tools in Shark Bay, Western Australia. This is
目撃する observed
probably the only known case of tool use by marine mammals. Dolphins
海洋 哺乳類
are thought to be clever animals because their brain-to-body-mass ratio is
対
比率
greater than that of all other animals except humans. But previously
以前に
-brain-to-body-mass ratio
を除いて
they had not been considered to be tool-users.
be thought to
When the researchers were observing the dolphins in Shark Bay, they saw
something strange over their beaks. It looked as if they had massive
まるで…であるかのように、
巨大な
=bi
tumors. The objects turned out to be marine sponges broken off from the
腫れた部分
・だと判明する
海綿
はがれ落ちる
seabed.
海底
物体
The dolphins were holding sponges over their beaks and
appeared to be using them as a fishing tool while they were searching the
のようである。 -Seemed to do
として
sea floor. It is believed that these sponges help protect the dolphins
=Seabed
形式
beaks from debris.
beaks.
破片
複数所有
Without sponges, the dolphins might hurt their
傷つける
This behavior has been observed only in Shark Bay, and it is shown
行動
exclusively by a small group of female dolphins and their daughters. The
もっぱら
research team tried to find out whether it is acquired through social
~かどうか = this behavior
learning or transmitted genetically. They analyzed the DNA of 13
遺伝的
伝わる
解析する
"spongers" and 172 "nonspongers." They found that most of the
sponge-using dolphins belonged to the same family.
属する
たいていは
The behavior
appears to be passed down mostly from mothers to their daughters.
伝承する
行動

ページ6:

brain
their Chrain-to-body-mass ratio] is greater then that of -
proted beaks
5
brain-to-body-mass
beak
something strange
massive tumors
marine sponges
1(
00
broken off from seabed
Jo
seabed =
Sea floor
Without sponges, the dolphins might hurt their beaks.
仮定法
もし…がなければ、
~かもしれない。
13
spongers
sponge-using dolphins
same
family
185
1172 hon spongers
small
group
exclusively by a
t
be passed down mostly from mothers to their daughters
of famale dolphins and daughters,

ページ7:

Part 4
In general, tools are used by animals only to perform simple tasks such as
一般的には
例えば
getting food. The Egyptian vulture drops a rock from the air on an ostrich
エジプト ハゲワミ
egg to break it open. Orangutans use sticks to get nuts and ants.
木の実
アリ
ダチョウ
Some
animals use tools for other simple purposes. A gorilla was seen breaking
切り取る
off a tree branch and using it as a walking stick as she waded through a
**
歩く(難しい)
として
swamp. Elephants pick up a stick and rub an itch with it if they are
拾い上げて
掻く
=>th
unable to do that with their long trunk.
= rub an itch
かゆい
- a stick
For these animals, tools are objects they manipulate in order to perform a
Hive thingi
操るcontrol ・をするために do, carry out
specific task that has some benefit to them. The tools they use are quite
特定の
advantage
simple compared with the ones (humans use; they are things that the
いと比べて
= tod
animals can easily pick up from their living environment. However, a few
生活環境
animals such as chimpanzees and New Caledonian crows can make or
alter a tool, or use different tools for different purposes.
to-change
are even thought to have a tool-use "culture."
さえ
道具使用の
Some animals
New discoveries continue to be made about animals' abilities and
intelligence. They show that tool use is a quite common strategy which a
number of animals have adopted to make the most of their environments.
Further research on animals' tool-using behavior will lead us to a better
understanding of their capabilities and their evolutionary development.

ページ8:

animals
The Egyplan Vulture
Orangutans
tool
a rock
Purpose
ostrich egg
sticks
getting food
nuts and ants
A gorilla
a branch
Elephants
a stick
a walking stick
rub an itch
A gorilla was seen breaking off a tree branch and
知覚 +
0+ ing
=0が…しているのをする
walking stick as she waded through
a swamp.
using it as
a
…として
…へとき=when
compare with the ones
humans use
[比較する
tools
沼地