ページ3:

3-2
These "secret codes” in text messages are made mainly
mainly
主に
作られる
主に
by shortening the original words. These are a few rules
for doing
so. The first rule is to use a single letter or a
S V
文字
shorten
original
Single
pronunciation
C Spelling
number to stand for aword. For example, "b" is used for
数字
~を短くする
元の
たった1つの
発音
つづり
combination
組み合わせ
sentence
"be", "c" for'"'see" and "2" for "to!! You see that "b" and "be" omit
文
~を省略する
vowel
母音
have the same pronunciation but different spellings. Letters and
異なる
phrase
numbers are often used in combination, too. bis used for stand for A
しばしば使われる
"before" and "gr8" for "great! You can even find a sentence
like "cul8r" for " See you later " in text messages.
The second rule is to omit vowels in a word. For example,
SV ~を省略すること
C
"please" becomes" pls" "place "becomes "plc" and "were" becomes
"wr." So you may find a sentence like "It ws a gr8 plc" for
"It was a great place" in atextr message.
New words can also be formed by using the first letters
~もまた
形づくられる 使うことによって
最初の文字
of words in a phrase. For example, "BTW " is used for
この単語の中
句
使われる
" by the way" and "ASAP" stands for "as soon as
possible.
ces
"
フレーズ・旬
Aを意味する。
in combination
組み合わせて。
by the way
ところで
as soon as
by
possible
できるだけ早く
~ing
~することによって
~すること
~するための
~するために
to+v
You see あなたは分かるだろう
like
I
~を好む
~のような

ページ4:

3-3
Emoticons are essential in text messages. Symbols emoticon
(in the table below show us how someone is feeling.
VO
O
Sessential
colon
semi-colon
They are mode by using a colon, a semi-colon, a dash, dash
a parenthesis, and so on. For example, Emoticon I is
a symbol which
「先行詞
~など
means, "smiling." Emoticon 2 is a
意味する
顔文字
不可欠な必要な
30: (:)
セミコロン(;)
ダッシュ(-)
parenthesis
押入語句() かっこ
wink
negative
notice
Sideways
Simbol which stands for a "wink"! Emoticon 3 shows, expless
先行評
~を表す
a negative feeling.
~ER Shape
Probably, you have noticed that the English emoticons
are different from Japanese ones. In the English
ウィンク
否定の
が…だと気づく
横向きの
~を表現する
形状
be different from A
Aとは異なった
on the left/right side
YAZZ
14/16 TRY
emoticons, the faces are always side ways. The eyes by ~ing ~53=2
are on the left side and the mouth is on the right
means
stands for
side. Also, English emoticons express feelings mainly shows
with mouth shapes, but Japanese ones do so with
は同じ意味
"
different
eye
shapes.
emoticon express feelings

ページ5:

3-4
These new types of words in text messages are beginning influence
~123 daily
to influence daily English language use, too. For example,
影響を
日本の英語
使用園
young people may say, "Jk" for "Just kidding" in daily
日
conversation. Also, instead of crying, "Oh my God !'
会話
かわりに
″
kid
instead
passage
essay
puzzle
adult
they may shout, "OMG!" The following passage from a worried
newspaper article is another good example. AB-years-
old girl in the UK wrote an essay on her summer holidays
about
and harded it to her teacher. Her teacher, however, was
puzzled by the essay. It reads =
My Smmr holidays wr CWOT. We went 2 NY 2c my
影響を与える
日常的な
~がいに冗談を言う
そのわりに
一節
作文
~をこまらせる
大人
不安な
effect
影響
education
教育
生きている、現在使われている
~を受け入れる。
living
accept
instead of A
Aの代わりに
hand AtoB
AをBに手渡す
have an effect on A
Aに影響を与える
bro, his GF& thr 3 dogs FTF. IL NY, it's agrs ple... all the time
Some adults are worried that young people use these types
心配している (that以下のコトを)
of words. They feel that it may have a bad effect on
10
Vthat
their children's education. However, language is a
living thing and changing all the time. It
生きている物
Some V
beting
常に、いつも
Vする人もいる。
~している
for 人 to 動原
人にとって動することは
it is
be
may
いつも変化している
かもしれない
better for us to accept the changes
as
they happen.
よりよい
受け入れること↑(言葉の変化へのままに
起こる
だ。

ページ6:

4-1
I. Today, we have an interview with Professor Yamagiwa of
gorilla
interviewer
Kyoto University, an expert on gorillas. Professor Yamagiwa professor
about
thank you very
much for
your
・time.
Y. My pleasure.
どういたしまして
I: I heard
~と一緒に
Could you
tell us abouty
Lyour
・interest in them?
してくれませんか
関心
ゴリラ
会見者インタビューアー
教授
university
大学
専門家
expert
pleasure
喜び
興味
d you spent many years with gorillas in Africa.
Y: Well, although they have big bodies and scary faces,
んだけれども
interest
Scary
恐ろしい
contact
コンタクト
greet
あいさつをする
へのように思われる
向かいあって
土台
Seem
face-to-face
base
gorillas are similar to humans. For example, just as people make.
に似ている
人々がアイコンタクト
do, they usually make eye contact with each other or when
するように
they want to invite others to play. They seem to keep
goad relationships through face-to-face communication
関係
~を通して
eye
My pleasure
contact with A
=
Aとアイコンタクトをとる。
Your well come
~するように思われる第
Spend-spent-spent
(Could you ~?
Would you~?
同じだよ。
への代わりに
そのような
Will you~?
is an important base in human conversation, too. I
Can you~?
とても重要な 土台
会話
instead of body contact. Such a communication style
think human languages developed from this style of
communication.
_communication.
I: Very interesting.
face-to-face
tell about A QにAについて話す
Salthough 同心意味
Thought
as
Interviewer.
Sがしするように
as+S+V
インタビューアー (以下I
Professor Yamagiwa ヤマギワ教授(FY

ページ7:

I = I didn't know gorillas use eye contact to keep good
<時制の一致>
relationships. I always thought they
過去
Lep
were aggressive animals. beat
過去(本来は現在
I get scared when they beat their chest.
怖くなる
Y= That gesture is called "chest beating! When we see it, violent
と呼ばれる
aggressive
攻撃的な
scared
おびえた
chest
~を振
胸部
gesture
身ぶり
beating
たたくこと
凶暴な
attention
we usually think they are very violent. However, it doesn't excitement
d warning
behavior
興味
興奮
警告
ふるまい
しもんであるわけではない
approach
~に近づく
警告する
always mean they are angry.
I = Why do they beat their chest?
Y = They beat their chests when they want to catch other's
attention, show excitement or give warnings. When,
す
et
young
gorillas are playing, they often beat their chests in turns.
Human children shout at each other when they play. These
two behaviors are similar. Gorillas also beat their chests
似ている
warn
catch one's attention
in turn(s)
~の関心をひく
交対で、順番に
Shout at A
Aに叫ぶ
warn Aabout B
to ~すること
when the groups of gorillas are approaching each to f
other. When the two groups meet, trouble can
happen Each group warns the other about coming
closer.
AにBを警告する
~するための
~するために
be+過分
受け身

ページ8:

So, i seems that grills are peaceful animals. Don't
they fight with each ather ?
peaceful
female
case
stare
11 Yes, they sometimes fight for food with others in their group, role
force
However, if two gorillas fight, other gorillas usually try to stop frustration
the fight from continuing.
つづく
I Who tries to stop it?
To the fight
Y. Usually smaller gorillas such as females or younger ones
A
e
↑
B
「do. Eye contact communication is also used in this case.
They approach the two larger gorillas who are fighting.
The smaller gorillas stare at the angry gorillas. The angry
じっと見つめる
gorilas then move away from each other.
I. Why do smaller gorillas play such arole?
そのような役割をはたす
Y: If other large gorillas use force to stop afight, frustration
S
remains and another fight may happen. On the other hand
残る V
起こる
その一方で
Smaller gorillas do not use force. As aresult, the angry
gorillas stop fighting and no frustration remains. We
humans often
use
force to control others. Some countries
Les
remain
economic
method
solve
平和的な
tre
場合
~をじっと見つめる
役割
力強さ
欲求不満
残る
経済の
方法
解決する
stop A from doing
Aがするのをさまたげる
BのようなA
at A
Asuch as B
stare
play
arole
Aをじっとみる
役割をはたす
as a result
結果として
it seems that S + V
Sがしだと思われる
11
St seem +to+動原
try to A ALょうとする
to+動原
~すること
~すすめの
~するために

ページ9:

Date
use great military and economic force to stop figuts
between countries. This method doesn't solve any
国際間の
problems.
問題
方法
解決しない
I= That may be la lesson we can learn from gorillas.
教訓である
Some oo V
✓する○○もいる。

ページ10:

4-4
I= For my last question, I would like to ask you about
the present situation of gorilas). I heard their number
have been decreasing.
減少しつづけている。
Y= Yes. Gorillas are becoming extinct About 120,000 gorillas.
lived in Africa ten years ago, but thatmumber has become
less than half in just ten years. Only 30,000 to 50.000
半分に満たない
of them are living there now. This is related to the
cellphones and computers we use.
I = What do you mean
?
present situation(現が)
状況
present
現在の
situation
decrease
減少する
extinct
絶滅した
less
より少ない
related
関係のある
生産する
produce
rare
metal
destroy
addition
hunt
increase
relative
consider
まれな
コ rare metal (レアルタ)
ぞく
~を破壊する
追加
~を守る
増える
親類
would like to do
Y: Africa is an important area for producing raremetals. These less
metals are used in our cellphones and computers. To coffect
them, people have been destroying the living a
gareas of gorillas in the
破壊している
forest. Inaddition, hutung gorillas for their meat has been
森林
increasing.
増える
ゴリラ
Ifwe do not change this situation right now. Our
"relatives "may be extinct inla to 30
今すぐ
years.
10~30年の間に
よく考える
~したいと思う
than A
Aに満たない
be related to A
Aと関係がある
in addition
さらに加えて
right
how
今すぐ
<have been+~ing> ずっとしている
I: Then, each of us should understand this situation and consider what
よく考える
wecando. Thank you so much, Professer Yamagiwa. It was very interesting.
現在完了進行形
Y = Thank you.