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第4問 (配点 16) You are doing research on the use of bicycles. You found two articles. 11分 shull exercise. However, there are things that could be done to encourage commuting by bicycles. Firstly, companies should help their cycling employees by providing showers and lockers. Secondly, as many riders commute a long way, more cycle lanes are needed on roads or sidewalks to create a smoother and safer journey. Come on everyone: let's travel by two wheels and not four! 30 15 More Commuters in Towns Should Cycle by Okada Yuko September, 2019 People all over the world are interested in environmental issues. One big positive or negative impact is how people commute to work or school. While all forms of motorized transport can contribute to climate change, trains and buses that carry many passengers produce less CO₂ than thousands of cars. Moreover, traffic jams can be avoided and air quality can be improved. However, riding a bicycle to your destination would clearly be the best method. The graph shows the ways that people commute in five areas. Unfortunately, here in Town D, the number of bicycle users is too small. The same is true for Town E. City C has the highest number of cyclists, 30% of all commuters. As we can see, in City B, the number of cyclists is almost as large as that of car users. I believe the difference between the towns and the cities is because of the lack of public transport in towns. This means that in towns, people depend on their cars. The Way People Commute (%) Car Train or Bus Bicycle 70 60 50 40 37% 307 30 20 10 0 25 City A City B City C Town D Town E The Viewpoint of a Cycling Commuter by Lars Jensen October, 2019 3/2 After reading Ms. Okada's report, I am proud to be living here. We regularly ride bicycles. I didn't know that in other places commuting by bike is not so common. Here, about the same number of people travel by bike as by car about one third. One reason for this is our great system of cycle lanes, and our supportive employers. As well as being environmentally-friendly, cycling is good for our physical and mental health. Commuting becomes your daily exercise! Riding a bicycle is certainly less stressful than being on a bus with many people, or in a car that isn't moving. I am in a better mood when I arrive at work after cycling than after taking the bus. Of course, there are a few bad points I should mention. Riding a bike isn't much fun on a rainy day! Also, car drivers and cyclists need to respect each other to avoid accidents. However, one problem that those commuting by bike still have is a lack of parking spaces. More spaces would encourage more people to ride. What would also help is a rent-a-bike system. I've seen this in other places. People share bicycles and rent one when they need one. In the future, I would like to see more cyclists than car drivers here. I don't think that the amount of public transport can increase in towns. Instead, we should promote the use of bicycles. Riding a.bike is a great form of town. -第1回・16 - 問1 Neither Okada Yuko nor Lars Jensen mentions 21 any negative sides to cycling to work or school 2 that the number of buses and trains should be increased in towns 3 the areas of road that are just for cyclists' use the positive aspects of commuting by buses or trains 第1回・17- 35 40 45 50
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2 Lars Jensen is from 1 City A 2 City B 3 City C 4 Town E 22 第5問 (配点20) 13分 Your group is preparing a poster presentation entitled "The Person Who Changed Our Work Environment," using information from the article below. 3 According to the articles, commuting by bicycle has a good effect on and 24 (The order does not matter.) lowering the amount of pollution in an area 2our body and our mind 3 our success at work 23 0422 E the quality of CO2 in the air 4 Okada Yuko states that 25 and Lars Jensen states that 1904 26 Frank 延策 (Choose a different option for each box.) office better facilities at work might result in more people cycling there people in towns are unwilling to cycle to work 3 riding a bus releases less CO₂ than a bike the number of cycle lanes and supportive employers is increasing there should be more places to park bikes 5 Based on the information from both articles, you are going to write a report for homework. The best title for your report would be 27 How Riding a Bicycle Improves the Environment and Your Health ②Leave Your Car at Home and Take the Bus, Train or Your Bicycle 3 More People Are Contributing to Climate Change by Riding a Bicycle The Merits and Demerits of Commuting by Car -第1回・18- 10.2k A 15 ful Stress brack 意見箱 (924 (I) par any Stopped Lillian Moller Gilbreth, an engineer and industrial psychologist, worked on changing our work environment throughout her life. Lillian was born in Oakland, California in 1878. The eldest of nine children, she was a shy girl and was tutored at home. Later, at school, she got good grades and though her father didn't think a college education was necessary for a girl, she persuaded him to let her go to the University of California, where she majored in English literature. A turning point in her life was when she met Frank Gilbreth, the cousin of a close friend. They got along well right away and married in 1904, a year after they had met. Frank was an outgoing man who owned his own. construction company. He was very interested in making workplaces more efficient and was consulted by companies that wanted their factories to be well-organized. Although he didn't have a college' education, he wrote on the subject and encouraged Lillian to study psychology and management so she could help him with his work. Over the years they had more than ten children together and tried out many ideas with them to do daily tasks effectively. Together, Lillian and Frank developed time-and-motion studies. They filmed workers doing their jobs. Then they watched the films with the workers and discussed how to make their work more efficient. Frank was most interested in the technical side of work, while Lillian was interested in the workers' psychology and how they felt about what they did. She was the first person to ask about how stress affected workers and to insist on having breaks during work. She also had the idea of providing a suggestion box at the work place. When Frank died suddenly after they had been married for 20 years, Lillian continued with their business but some companies stopped working with 25 20 15 10 5 第1回・19 -
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877 kitchen her. They didn't believe a woman could be good at business or engineering. She decided then to concentrate on problems related to women. As a woman. 17kmight spend as much as 50% of her time in the kitchen in those days, Lillian 97→6430 281-785 1135 35 proffesor thought it was important that the space was designed well. In 1929 she introduced a new kitchen design at a Women's Exposition. To show how well- planned it was, she did an experiment making a strawberry cake. First the cake was made in a traditional kitchen and then in her kitchen. All of the appliances and utensils used in the experiment were the same, but in Lillian's kitchen they were placed more efficiently. The results amazed everyone. The number of processes in the kitchen was cut from 97 to 64, and the number of steps a woman walked to make the cake was cut from 281 to only 45! Lillian kept on writing and teaching, becoming the first woman engineering professor at a university at the age of 57. She continued to make tasks. simpler, and to make life easier for women. She believed any woman should "have it all," to have both a family and a career. Her work and ideas continue to influence business and industry today. Even the shelves in refrigerator doors and foot-pedal trash cans, which she invented, remind us of Lillian Gilbreth every day. The Person Who Changed Our Work Environment The Life of Lillian Gilbreth 1900s~ Period Events 1878~ Lillian spent her childhood in California 28 29 30 ↓ 1920s Lillian Gilbreth 31 and beyond Lillian Gilbreth's Achievements 1. Company Workplaces 32 ▶Lillian made workplaces more efficient by 33 and 34 ▶ She suggested 35 第1回20 - 2. Women and Work ▶Lillian 36 which made women's life better. For example, she 37 She believed that women should have a career and family at the same time. 1 Members of your group listed important events in Lillian Gilbreth's life. Put the events into the boxes 28 [② 32 in the order that they happened. Lillian and Frank developed time-and-motion studies 1904 Lillian became the first female engineering professor 1935 1929. 3 Lillian designed a well-organized kitchen Lillian met and married Frank Gilbreth 1904. 5 Lillian took over her husband's business 1926 第1回・21-
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2 Choose the best statements to put into the boxes the poster. (The order does not matter.) 33 and 34 in 第6問 (配点 24) 21分 10 ①carrying out experiments with her husband and children developing machines to finish work in a shorter time 3 introducing the study method of filming workers investigating workers from a psychological point of view providing workers with their own factories 6 teaching workers psychology and management 3 What did Lillian suggest in relation to the work environment? Choose the best statement to put into 35 how workers felt about their work would affect the efficiency of their work people should do their daily tasks more efficiently to improve their skills at work 3 the stress workers had would damage relationships in companies workers should not take long breaks because they would get more tired 4 Choose the best statements to put into the boxes the poster. 36 and 37 in arranged an efficient kitchen and invented some devices focused on the safety and health of women during their daily work 3 found a way to do housework more efficiently gave lectures on science, math, and engineering insisted that women could succeed in engineering and industry 6 made a cake in a much shorter time than her competitor 第1回・22 - Eco-10 €12. 南極 15 S674-7773 global Tecosysten ipol La61747 A You are preparing for a group presentation on eco-tourism for your class. You have found the article below. The Challenge of Eco-Tourism in Antarctica [1] With advances in transportation and information technology, even the most remote places on Earth are within reach of the traveler. In fact, tourism is now the world's largest industry and more and more people want to visit faraway places of natural beauty. In response to this demand, a new travel- style has arisen, called eco-tourism. Eco-tourism is a category of traveling which focuses on the natural environment and its conservation. [2] One place where eco-tourism has been rapidly increasing is Antarctica. It is the southernmost continent on Earth and almost double the size of Australia. Antarctica is home to the South Pole, Emperor penguins and ice sheets almost 2km thick. Its extreme climate and unique features have made it an ideal place for eco-tourists to visit. Now it has become an eco-tourism hot-spot. [3] Nevertheless, not everyone is happy with the trend of eco-tourism. Scientists are particularly concerned, especially when tourists go to places such as Antarctica. With its rare conditions, Antarctica is a perfect place for vital research which can lead to a better understanding of the entire global ecosystem. However, one of the main problems tourists can cause is the effect disruption of this research. Furthermore, the impact visitors have on the ecosystem is perhaps even more worrying. Eco-tourists often venture too close to an animal's habitat and the effect on wildlife's fragile environment has become a serious problem. [4] In fact, researchers sometimes have to stop their work to aid visitors who underestimate the extreme weather conditions. They have to participate in the rescue of vehicles that crash or trekkers who are not prepared 25 20 15 第1回・23-
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迷惑 7422 4 372 35 fur Strict 40 6-10. b 間に 45 appropriately for the harsh weather conditions. All of these disruptions take scientists away from their experiments, costing money and delaying important results, and even endangering human lives. In November 2007 the ship M/V Explorer was sunk by an iceberg, and although the passengers and crew were rescued, the ship spilled oil into the ocean, polluting the delicate marine ecology. [5] There are, however, ways of dealing with these kinds of problems. The issue of scientists dealing with many tourists could be solved by increasing cooperation between the tour organizers and scientific research institutes. Science-based charities and NGOs can actively promote research facilities as tourist destinations. When tour companies conduct tours to those facilities, it could generate funds to help more research and to control the activities of tourists. Moreover, stricter government regulations of tour companies could reduce the impact on ecosystems. They could also put_a limit on tours that take people to environmentally sensitive areas. [6] In the end, although science was the original reason for the constant presence of humans in Antarctica, the desire to explore Earth's last frontier is attracting tourists in increasing numbers. This is good as long as we remember that the Earth does not solely belong to humans, and we respect the rights of the plants and animals we share the world with. While the arrival of tourists has its good and bad points, the phenomenon of eco-tourism at least raises awareness of environmental issues. We can't ignore the potential educational role that eco-tourism can have for future generations of travelers. 1 According to the article, eco-tourism in Antarctica became popular because 38 2 In Paragraph [4], the author most likely mentions the ship M/V Explorer in order to 39 demonstrate how scientists waste their time rescuing tourists introduce how visitors can negatively impact the environment ③ prove that some tourists die when going to Antarctica by ship show how icebergs can be the cause of ships sinking F 3 According to the article, we could improve the situation of eco-tourism in Antarctica if 40 xPromate. ①charities and NGOs provide a new tour ②scientists and tour companies work together 3 the government establishes new rules of scientific research tour conductors help scientists rescue tourists 4 Which of the following statements best summarizes the article? Eco-tourism teaches us a lot, but we have to organize tours with special care not to destroy the environment. 41 More and more scientists are moving to Antarctica to carry out research on its natural environment. 3 We should stop conducting eco-tourism in Antarctica, since the tours harm the animals and their habitats. With the big effort of tour companies and scientists, the ecosystem of Antarctica has been protected for many years. advances in transportation enabled tourists to get there more easily eco-tourists found its extraordinary environment attractive 3 many people wanted to take part in environmental conservation projects scientific research revealed that it had a unique ecosystem 第1回 24- 第1回・25-
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b- me 10 1536 727589 25 -45 20 15 27.1 B You are studying about birth rates. You are going to read the following article to understand how the birth rate in France has changed. The global birth rate is falling, and especially in economically developed countries, the situation is very serious. Developed countries tend to have a lower birth rate due to lifestyle choices linked to a strong economy. In these situations, death rates are low, birth control is easily accessible and raising children is expensive. The idea is generally accepted that people do not get married, or married couples do not have children. Such an environment makes the birth rate go down. However France succeeded in increasing its birth rate. from its low level in the 1990s. Since then, the birth rate in France continued to rise, and maintained an average of around 2.0 from 2006 until 2014. Why 1.36 did this increase happen? This steady increase was perhaps due to the active family policy of the French government in the mid-1990s. It created various kinds of support for mothers, especially trying to help families in a hard situation, such as those who are poor, or those with a single parent. Also, to help women who wanted to work and have a child, the government introduced policies of financial support for child care leave (a break from work to look after their child) and child care facilities, such as free public nursery schools for children aged 3-6. This has enabled parents to balance work and family responsibilities. Furthermore, French people believe the structure of a family is flexible, and births outside of marriage are widely accepted. It is said that such a non- traditional view of family has had a positive impact on the birth rate. In fact, 60% of births are outside of marriage in France. This is the highest rate in the European Union. In addition, legal alternatives to marriage, like registered partnership, have become more widespread. With this system, unmarried couples can acquire almost as many rights as married couples. The birth rate in France is related to government support for families. These family policies provide a range of resources in the form of money, time 第1回・26・ 仕事やめずに すん and services needed to raise children. Of all the policies introduced over the years in France, increasing child care services appear to be the most This stability gives effective in encouraging families to have children. confidence to families that they can raise their children without quitting their jobs. They believe that they will benefit from continuous support from the birth of a child until entry into the school system and beyond. Such confidence creates a favorable environment for the decision to have children. The birth rate in France is higher than that of the 1990s, so we could say that France アガンフラン has succeeded. However, the rate has, in fact, been slightly declining since 2015, following the decline of the global birth rate. Perhaps new measures are needed if France is to stay at the top of the birth rate chart. 1. 1 According to the article, birth rates of economically developed countries tend to be 42 high because the facilities for delivering babies are good high because there is excellent support for raising children 3 low because the cost of raising children is reasonable low because there are more varieties of lifestyle choices 第6問Bの問題は次に続く。 35 30 第1回・27-
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2 Out of the following four graphs, which illustrates the situation the best? 43 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1990 ② 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1998 2006 2014 2017 - France --- World 1.5 1998 1990 2006 2014 - France ---World 3 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1990 2006 2014 --- World 1998 -France 2017 2017 ④ 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1990 1998 2006 2014 2017 - France ---World 3 According to the article, which two of the following are the actions taken by France to improve the birth rate? (Choose two options. The order does not matter.) 44 45 Decreasing the number of single parents. Encouraging men to take child care leave instead of women. 3 Extending the rights of unmarried couples. Giving financial and emotional support to poor families. Increasing services to take care of children. 4 The best title for this article is 46 An Increase in Working Mothers in France 2 Solutions to Low Birth Rate Situation 3 Links Between Birth Rate and Employment Government Support of Non-Traditional Families 第1回・28- 第1回・29 -
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