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数学 高校生

下線部の式の考え方を教えてください

336 重要 例題 50 平面上の点の移動と反復試行 右の図のように,東西に4本, 南北に4本の道路が ある。地点Aから出発した人が最短の道順を通って 地点Bへ向かう。このとき,途中で地点Pを通る確 率を求めよ。ただし,各交差点で,東に行くか、北 に行くかは等確率とし,一方しか行けないときは確 率1でその方向に行くものとする。 CHART & THINKING 0000 求める確率を A→P→Bの経路の総数 A→Bの経路の総数 から, 4C3×1 6C3 とするのは誤り! この理由を考えてみよう。 北 基本 は、どの最短の道順も同様に確からしい場合の確率で,本間 は道順によって確率が異なるから, A→Bの経路は同様に 確からしくない。 例えば, A→→→P11Bの確率は 1/2×/×1/2×/×1×1-1/16 A→→→ P1の確率は 1/2×1/2×1/2×11×1=1/3 8 B PI A よって,Pを通る道順を, 通る点で分けたらよいことがわかるが,どの点をとればよいだ うか? 解答 2-A DATA 右の図のように,地点 C, C', P' をとる コー Pを通る道順には次の2つの場合があり,これらは互いに 排反である。 [1] 道順 AC′' → C → P → B (イ) この確率は 2 [2] 道順 A→P′→P→B 8 A P C' CPは1通りの 3C2 この確率は sc (1/2)(1/2)x1/2× ることに注意。 x1x1 3 -x1×1=- [1] →→→111 16 よって、求める確率は 1 3 [2] 000-11 5 + 8 16 16 PRACTICE 50 ③ 右の図のように 西 ○には2個と が入る。 er で

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英語 高校生

赤い下線のところがどういう構造になっているか分からないです、教えてくださいm(_ _)m

moving from " (1) 点) There are historians and others who would like to make a neat division between "historical facts" and "values." The trouble is that values even enter into deciding what count as facts-there is a big leap involved in 'raw data" to a judgement of fact. More important, one finds that the more complex and multi-levelled the history is, and the more important the issues it raises for today, the less it is possible to sustain a fact-value division. But this by no means implies that there has simply to be a conflict of prejudices and biases, as the data are manipulated to suit one worldview or another. What it does mean is that the self of the historian is an important factor. The historian is shaped by experiences, contexts, norms, values, and beliefs. When dealing with history, especially the sort of history that is of most significance in philosophy, that shaping is bound to be relevant. As far as possible it needs to be articulated and open to discussion. The best historians are well aware of this. They are alert to many dimensions of bias and to the endless (and therefore endlessly discussable) significance of their own horizons and presuppositions. A great deal can of course be learned from those who do not share our presuppositions. Our capacity to make wise, well-supported judgements in matters of historical fact and significance can only be formed over years of discussion with others, many of whom have very different horizons from our own. It is possible to I have a 12-year-old chess champion or mathematical or musical genius, but it is unimaginable that the world's greatest expert on Socrates could be that age. The difficulty is not just one of the time to assimilate information; it is (2)

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