ページ3:

☆ will を使わずに未来を表す 現在進行形】と【現在形】※通例出発関連
選択肢にwillがないからとすぐに未来の可能性を絶ってはいけない
☆
[
have
gone
to
A~に行ってしまって今いない
have been to A~に行ったことがある
☆agoとbefore
現党で併用不可、過完ではbeforeが原則
beforeは「以前に」の意で単体使用OK(agoは数字を伴う)
had not dove... before [uikon]
でしないうちに~する

ページ4:

懺悔の書
Q. I think to go/am going to Hokkaido in the summer.
think to do不可。
be going to進行形で未来を表す。
Q. "Have you seen the Yoko recently?
"No, but I'm having / I'd had I dinner with her on Sunday.
まず文脈からしてdinnerは未来、進行形で未来を表す。「willかないから過去」ではダメ!
Q. The man decided to wait until is wife bcomes/came】.
主節が過去時制のときの副詞節の時制は過去。 would comeも可
Q. I never expected that she joins/would join us.
"expect that A will do"で、expectedに合わせ、 willもwouldになっている。
Q. Peter 【was tried/hasbeentrying/istrying to find it for some time.
現在進行は一時的動作のみだが、現在完了進行は「ここ最近ずっと」(継続)を表せる。
Q. By the age of 25, she lived/had lived in 5 different countries.
選択肢から、コレが過去であることを見抜き、過去完了を使う
Q. Most people read/have ready more novel in the summer
現在の事実は現在用。文にダマされるなthan they do during the school terms
Q. Ive been wondering whether I should buy or not for acouple of months
but I dont decide / havent decided yet ここ2,3ヶ月ずっと

ページ5:

be doneの後に単語を置けるのは、口を2つとれるのみ
(x) I was hit my head
(x) I was blown off myhat.
(0) I was hit (on my head) (0) I had my hat blown off.
≪SV(0)面0型動詞に注意! 正誤で狙われる!
[ex] We must pay attention to him.
→Attention must be paid (to him)
He must be paid attention [to].
さまざまな受動態
助動詞
自 be
※ will忘れやすい注意!
PP
現形 have been done
過形
had been done
進行形
群動詞
△原形不定詞・
be beingが受ぽくない
being done ※「Sis being seen」などちょっと思いやすい?
be ppex laugh at A→
be laughed at A
to do. ※haveは自身が受になることは不可
Ex They saw him enter the room.
He was seen to enter the room
←
ers 動名詞でも可!
≪能動態のままで受動の意味を表せる≫
read/sell/run(上演)/show/write/cut/take place [doita
-need doing
want doing
・require doing
[be
be worthy
-be worth doing → be worth/benorth while to do
-be deserve doing → be deserving of
xdeserved [to be dove] ※する価置がある「deserve to do」
(権利)
Fhey think heis rich.
=He is thought to bench
=It is thought he is rich
も存在
これ原の受がtodoなのと関係ある?
He hopes that he is ill.
=He hopes to beill
方が主節と一致

ページ6:

have & get
E have Odo
get O to do
have O done
get Qdove これが特殊!
→受動態になった時になる
want to do
nant Odon
= rob [robbed] of [79]
※robで物主語はナシ
☆stealは「(胸を盛る」、robは「((から)奪う」
steal [stole]
was stolen (by x) was robbed (of [49])
had stolen
☆時制や態や不定詞が入り混じった文
[ex01] It is thought that the victim took a poison.
The victim is thought to have taken a poison.
A poison is thought to have been taken by the victim..
ex02] I heard she speaks.
She was heard to speak.
(fa) She might have been heard to speak.

ページ7:

悔しいのう
Q. Several people knas accused Ahave been accused of breaking the laws
どちらでもいいと思うだろうが、Several peopleは複数扱いである。

ページ8:

≪否定語の位置
had better not do [have dove]/rather not. do/Sught not to do[have done
(to A)
that (should) 原≫
形
necessary/essential
desirable/important/right/desirable.
>(1)提案(火)示唆
▽ insist/demand/order/propose/ suggest/recommend/command
require/request/advise/ask/proper/decide/urge
△この女が名詞として同格・補語のthat節をとる場合も適用
x Her proposal that he change the policy is good.
Her proposal was that he change the policy.
≪動詞と助動詞両方の用法をもつ
need/ dare≫
needが助として使えるのは否定(need not do)と疑問(Need do?)のみ.
肯定の使い方はないので「need do」不可、2時の否定形は「don't need to do」
≪助動詞の過去-
have done >>>
(○)ひょっとしたら会うかも
助動詞の過去形は過去を表わさない。ex might meet (x) 会ったかもしれない
・mustは現在形にしか使わない。
A must have been ・・・(0)~だったに違いない(x)~しなければいけなかったのに
by now=
過去ex(0) He must have arrived by now. (x) He must arrive by mou
☆ could と was able to
~する能力があった
~する能力があり、やらなかった
する能力があり、やった
(能力ではなく)(一度だけ)できた
☆ would usedto
could
Iwas able to
×
具体的な期間・回数と共に使用不可
would
Amary times
セーフ
過去の習慣(動作)
○
過去の状態・様子
×
現在との対照
×
used to
「現在やってる・やってない」の
記述がある時はwould不可
△ would は「強い拒絶」も表す。 どうしても今しない…willnot/しなかった…would no
☆「~かもしれない」のmight[may] とcan
might...
可能性・推量
彼女は公園に行ったかも
can
可能性「~やりかねない」
今までの例から、失敗するかも

ページ9:

☆意外な意味
should 「当然…すべきだ」
can「いったいどうして…か?」Can it be true? それは本当だろうか?
固定形表現
Mays do
S would like to have done
1
than do
would rather do
How dare you do?
cannot help doing
help but de
but do
I am sorry... not = should have:
may well
may [might] as well
may[might] as well do.. as do
1
……したかったのだが(できなかった
声が…でありますように!
…するよりむしろ…したい
よくも…できるね?
せざるを得ない
~すべきだったのに
①…するのも当然だ②おそらく…するだろう
する方がいいだろう
~する位なら~する方がましだ
used to まとめ
① be used to V
used to V
③ be used to N
[get]
Singl
~するために用いられる
以前は~したものだ/かっては~だった
~に慣れている。

ページ10:

懺悔ファイル
Q.Although many workplaces have become more flexible,
in the nineties women still must choose between AorB.
had to
mustは現在時制のみ.
Q.「May/Candit be true that he got aletter from President?
疑問文canで強い疑念を示す

ページ11:

仮定法未来
@ If were to do
◎ If should do
願望表現
すればいいのになぁ
~してくれたらよかったなぁ
◎~でさえあればなぁ!
Swould do
Swould do
I shouldのみ、後文がどんな形でも良い。willやPlease to
(How I wish
I wish & did
で強調 Swouldで不満
[ could do]
I wish & had pp could have p.p]
If only & did...!
~でさえあったならなぁ! If only haol
◎~してほしい
P.PL
S would rather s did...
~
してほしかった
S would rather Shad
P-P-
I'm sorry...no...
I Would that!
で言い換え
その他仮定法表現
◎もし今xxが無ければ If it were not for...
あの時
◎~してもよい頃だ
◎まるでxxかのように
If it had not been for...
It is (high (about) time (that) & did...
as if [though] did......
だったかのように as if [though] Shad
※asifは時制の支配を受けない、主節の動詞が現在であれ過去であれ。
その時点で「するかのように(did)」「したかのように(hadpp.)」で決まる。
ex (1) He speaks as if he were an expert. 彼は専門家のように話す。
(2) He spoke as if he were an expert. 彼は専門家のように話した。
※asifは直接法で使われることも多くある。
仮定法と共に用いる前置詞
もし~があれば with/もし~が無ければ without-Bufor
もし~でなければ(if not) otherwise.or
・仮定法
いわば
as it were so to speaks
11
do
$ would have p-p
めずらしい形
●名詞句[副詞句],
and 仮定法・・・「~すれば、~だったろう」
Ex One more step, and I would have fallen off.
Five minutes earlier, and we could have caught the train.
◎主語に仮定の意味が含まれている 「○○なら、~だったろう」
ex A wise man would have acted differently.
◎分詞構文に仮定の意味が含まれている
Born a handled years ago, he would have become a great wan.
◎条件が一切なく、話者の意識で「~しようと思えば」「~するとしても」が仮定法になる
ex I'm so hungry that I could eat a horse.
(xran eat (x) have eaten ・・・本当に食べれることに!

ページ12:

[She でもHeでも
☆仮定法では、主語が「Ⅰ」でも「were を使う。
※ If I were you, I would not said such a nonsense.など
→過去や現在のない、時の越えたものという認識で仮定法過去+仮定法過去完了に
☆「were」 「had」「should」「were to」で起こる"If省略”
S
Xs were X were to V had p.p. * $ should T
Were & NE! Were & to V. Had sp.p.
2" Were $ to be p.p.
☆「IfSdid...」→「To do」も仮定法
☆「Suppose (that)」「Supposing (tha)
Provided(x)やGranted(x)は直接法のみ
Should V
(x) supposed
接続詞
」も仮定法OK
rotherwise まとめ
①仮定法>そうでなければ
接続副詞
別のやり方で違ったふうに(inadifferent way)
その他の点では

ページ13:

悔しさをバネにして次は間違えないようにするメモ
Q. A: I didnt know that she was so worried about money.
B: I wish youksent/had semi her some a couple of weeks carlier,
Iwishの時よりも前に送ってほしかったのだから、had sen
Q. I wish I were / had / did then :
省略がある! wereやdsではあの時と矛盾する!

ページ14:

≪TOUGH構文
SisL
渡にならない
to v>
exi The seais dangerous to swiminin summer,
difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/safe/impossible
pleasant/ comfortable/convinient
不定詞の注意すべき用法
☆形容詞用法
There are no house for me to live in
☆副詞の”結果”用法・・・ I awoke to find myself on the bench.
のように、「…をするために」で訳不可なものば”結果”
ぐ結果になりやすい動詞>awoketo/grow upto be live to be never to.
ex My mother lived to be ninety.
母は(結果)90まで生きた
ex He went over, never to return.彼は行って、(結果)戻ってこなかった。
<forとof≫
●(It is)
for & to V
●(Itis)
Loftov
2がする(がするのはだ)
8=V(Vするなんて&は
だ)
<thereを使った不定詞構文
・He is too clever for there to be any objection.不定詞の意味上の主語
彼はとても賢いので異論はありえない(そこに異論があるには彼は賢こすぎる)
◎ I don't want there to be any trouble. 動詞の目的語になる。
そこにはどんな問題もあってほしくない。
be to 不定詞
入ってても beto
How are we to occupy the endless hours ?
①義務 ②予定 ③運命 ④可能(通例図) ⑤意志(通例if節中)
beto不定詞? [(8) My dreamis to live in New York. 「Sはすること」と訳出
- (0) My friend is to live in NewYork.
できなければbeto!
≪過去に実現できなかったこと…「~するつもりだったのだが(できなかった)」→
過去形 to have done / had[PP.] to do
was/were/mean/hope/intend/expect.
XI intended to have finished the task in an hour.
3
≪会話の返答での代不定詞》※後文「but」が条件?頻出
I would like to, but / I dont want to, bu/I'd loveto,
that節の代用ばso″ex I think that is true. I think so.
but...

ページ15:

独立不定詞 (42(P57)
◎「言う」・「言うまでもなく」 Needless to say / To say nothing of A
not to mention A/not to speak of A
「とは言わないまでも」 not to say A
肉成句表現
Only to do
SOL
「いわば」 sete speak/sot say/as it were
I as to do
「All s have to do is de [to do
All S can do is docto do]
・There is nothing to do but 原
There is nothing (for it) but to do."
①…しただけだった②~するためにのみ(目的)
するほど
声は・・・しさえすればよい
1 = $ have only to do (that)
Shave no choice [alternative] but to do
do nothing but
To one's surprise/be surprised to
☆不定詞の時制 節
-1. He seems (今)
2. He seems (今)
to be ill.
to have been ill.
3. He seemed (過)
to beill.
14. He seemed (過)
to have beewill.
「1. He hopes(今) to marry her.
2. He hopes (今)
3. He hoped (過
14. He hoped (過)
~するしかない
~してばかりいる
驚いたことに
that節
that he is ill
that he was ill.
ithout he wasill.
that he had been ill.
今
過去
過去
Since
過去完了
Ithat he will marry her. 未来
to have maried her.
to marry her.
to have married her...
☆「はなんだ」を表す表現
He kindly helped
.
me.
He had the kindness to help me.
He was kind enough to helpme.
・He was so kind as to help me.
It was kind of him to help me.
that he will have married her
Chat he would marry her
×
未来完了
過からみた未来
△できなかった

ページ16:

懺悔帳
Q. Student should try to not be/not to be late
不定詞の前にnot. Inot to continually use)など"not to do "OK!
Q. At this corner there occured the accident was to運命++be done 愛
that was to have been remembered / was to be remembered).
→このイは「覚えられるはずだったのだが覚えられなかった)」
Q. A: Did you rent an apartment?
B:No. we were to have rented/are to rent one,but cant.
「けどできなかった」の記術がご丁寧にある。

ページ17:

動名詞を目的語にとる語
• Big farms cde
3223
① practice/postpone/put off imagine ④give up finish.
a appreciate/avoid/admit ①resist/riskim mind/miss
⑤ stand/suggest/stop consider deny escape/enjoy
[動名詞の意味上の主語
代名詞
人名
もの
>
所有格(my) or 目的格(me):my[me] thinking
→所有格(Kens) or そのまま(ken): my father(s) being police.
そのまま(anapple)
! the room being warm.
※だと「beingpp」 [ex He led to her being engaged.
☆ There is 構文の動名詞化
Nobody dreamed of lithere being a lake.そこに湖があるなんて誰も夢にも思わなかっ
この意味上ががないと、「being a lake」の声が「Nobody」に

ページ18:

成句表現
<to doing 系>
when it comes to doing
What do you say to doing
Look forward to doing
object to doing
be used [accustomed to doing
devoteAto doing
come near(to)doing
feel like doing
There is no doing
It is no use [good] doing
[There is no sense[poina (in) doing
have difficulty Etrouble (in) doing
be busy (in) doing
spend (time) (in) doing
never cannot without doing
How about doing
It goes withow saying
be above doing
~(する)ことになると
~しませんか
~を楽しみに待つ
1~に反対する
~することに慣れている
Aをすることに捧げる
もう少しで~するところだ
~したい気がする
=cans ~できない
~しても無駄だ
~するのが困難だ
~
するのに忙しい
~するのに時間を使う
~すると必ず~する
~しませんか
言うまでもなく
~するような人ではない

ページ19:

Misstake is chance!
Q. The mother insisted on her children not to play/not playing in the park,
notはVingの直前に置く。 insistはinsist on Ato doで可

ページ20:

分詞構文の接続詞としての意味
①when(時) ② as (なので)③and(状況)④if (もしも) ⑤though(けれど
接続詞ナシで2文がつながっていたら、分詞講or If文である。
分詞構文基本の形
Ving Being [J]....
(Being) Vpp...
Having Upp... Having been [N],
Having been) pp...
◎否定語は先頭にxNot having Never having...
◎ There is文は There beingに
独立分詞講文…と声が違うと「ving」「同Vpp」となる。
ex Iflother things are equal, I win the race.
→Other things being cqual, I win the race.
ex The agreement was signed, I ....
→The agreement being signed, I ...
→The agreement signed, I...
※主文と声が違っても、we/you/one等は付けなくてよい。
<分詞を強調>
[Thing as s do
TRE as $ [be
Living as I do in America, I seldam....
Ex Written as it is in English, This book·····
☆分詞構文では分詞の前にカンマが基本だが、稀に省略される。
Ex (In Japan) many people feel anxiety not knowing the age of @@....

ページ21:

[
慣用表現
make A known to k
Aを人に知らせる
make oneself understood Cheard 自分の声を通じさせる[届かせる]
talking speaking o
compared with
given (that) S∇...[N]
seeing (that)
Granting [granted] (that) ST...
Providing [provided] (that) SV...
-Supposing [suppose] (that) SV...
☆「…を考慮すると」
と言えば
と比較すると
1
を考慮に入れると
? 仮定法不可
……なので
(x) grant
(x) provide 「もし…なら」」直接法のみ
(x) supposed
Giventhon Iwas tired, Iplaywell.
Considering that I was tired.
(x) Considered (x) shinking⇒「疲れていると思ったので」
☆ My stand being what it is, I have to oppose this idea.
仮も直もOK
私の立場はこういうものなので、その案には反対せねばなりません。

ページ22:

Q. You can use that bottle, & cut off, as a pot
①the topis ② the top of which whose top
④ with
①は曲が必要、②③はbe動詞がないと罠にならない。
its
top

ページ23:

副詞節を形成直後ST
完全文→[関係代名詞不完全
which/whocm)/that
☆不完全→[名]不完全
完全文 [+] 不完全
完全関係副詞]完全
when/where/why/how
完全[前+肉代]完全文
which whom のみ
both of which / none of whom [++前+代]もアソ! by means of whit
関係形容詞=直後に
①what …「全ての国」
which …必ず非制限 ③ whose
Ex at which time
whose はこれのみ
=the of which
in which case, during which time
ex what little morey
非制限用法=which mom when.where.
◎thatは入らないが、接thatの可能性有 none of them(x) whom(◎)
●原則、先行詞が「固有名詞」か「世界に一つしかないもの」だと非制限。
◎which (cas)は、前文の内容全てを先行詞にできる。
複合関係詞= 先行詞を含む
No matter
★名詞節
は全て」
whoever
☆副詞節「例え…しようとも」
[whoever] [whenever
完全
不完全→ whichever不完全完全→ whichever wherever.
whatever
●Whichever/whateverの関係形容詞
ex (whatever) excuse he may make)
nhmever action is necessary
連鎖関係代名詞
[whatever」 however」
●関代組は主になれる。(wever) happens
however SⅡが主. however SVは稀
The man (who) I thought he was your brother is Ben.
The man (whom) I thought hing to be your brother is Ben.
He who/him wviom/It which
<前+関代+to」 のパターン>
He needs a woman
<先行詞の省略
whom he can cling to. 肉+Sv+前
ito whom he can cling.
to whom to cling.
(x) whom to cling to.
to cling to
前+関+Sv...
前+関+to
(x)関係to+前
(不定詞)
関係副詞が名詞節を作っ!?ているように見える>
(the time) when/ (the reason) why/(the place (the point) where

ページ24:

節内での代名詞の働きをするため
・先行詞にsuch/the same/asがあるor非制限用法
疑似関係代名詞
© as
asit
@but
⑩ than
主格
絶対as as that
whichと同じく前文先行詞が可能
夜の ex As might be expected of a novelist, he has the ability to...
(小説家に期待されることだが、彼には……の才能がある。)
but自体が否定の意味を含む。前文が否定の時のみ使われ、必ず二重否定。
[ex There is no one but love him.(彼を愛さない人はいない。)
There is no one who doesn't love him.
• ex] More progress has been made than was thought to be possible.
<関係代名詞がCとして働くパターン>
(0) that (△) which···非制限時のthatの代用 (x) who
[ex] I'm not the man [that] I was
<「What $be」で「Sの姿」>
△前文が不完全なら「what sbe」かも!
what sis [am/are]・・・今の方の姿 what was [used to be]…昔の方の姿
たまに・・・ what will be...未来の what should [ought to]be...Sのあるべき姿
what shas...の財産との対比で what sis.Sの人格になることも、
☆関係副詞whereの意外な先行詞
case (場合)、point(点)、situation(状況)、circumstance(境遇)
☆「方法」「様子」を表す4パターン
・how
(X) the way the way that ST
① the ways ② how ST. ③ the way in which
☆二重限定では、2つめの関係代名詞は省略不可
There are some men (that) I know who can speak English.
略可
略不可
☆ which/who(m)よりthatが優先されるケース
①先行詞が疑問詞(一等)/人and物・動物/性格地位のとき
② the first the last, the only, the same all, every nothing、最上級の
☆主語になるwhatとthatの判別
(That) he represented cliants is woman.
<What) he represented 9.
☆文脈判断が必要な群動詞
The reason
She
is woman.

ページ25:

Q. Were I wealthy, I what/which] I'm not, I would still go to work.
仮定法の文に節が入りこんでいる。whichの先行詞はwealty.
Q. There is no F. who doesn't known) (03.
is no one but / who knows that the earth is round.
Q. If you talk over it with whoeser/whomever I can give you advice]...
(○) who can give(x) with whom withのあとに名詞節として入っている。
Q.whatever/what excuse he may make) I can't forgive him.
文構造的に副詞節matは名詞節しか作れない。
Q. Whoever/All that I wishes to join will be welcome.
All thaならば「wish」になる。
es
av

ページ26:

●原級を使った表現
◎比較級を使った表現
not soas as A [to do]…ほど~でないクジラ構文>
= less than A
xtimes as as A AのX倍
=Xtimes the weight (of N)
・CDでないのと同様にAもBでない
A is no more B than C is D.
•A is not Bany more than C is D.
→[size.length, height,number,age] ・CがDであるようにAはBである
as 原
las any どの国にも劣らず
@asaas ever lived 並み外れた
as as ever 相変わらず~な
AS
原
Las
Scan [possible できるだけ
=as bests can
as as can be この上なく
as good as ···も同然だ
@as good as A's word 約束を守る
As far ass be concerned (x)-ing
go so far as to do....
しさえする
◎ much/manyを使った表現
cannot so much as do
・・・さえ
Ais no less B than Cis D...
no more/not more など>
☆no=差が
no more わずか no less~もの
杏
杏
→肯
☆not=反対
more than = 以上
not marethan=以下
=多くとも
less than=以下
not less than=以上
<口the Ver+理由>
☆
しないで
少なくとも
☆(all)the because [for…なのでそれだけ
I love him (all the better for him fault.
になった
∙not so much as do
without so much as doing
-Brather than A
「hot so much AASBAというより
like so many ~のように
}
むしろB
*
as many Ns 同数のN
as many [much as
~もの○○
much still less ましてや・・・ない
・最上級を使った表現
know better than to do…するほど愚かでない
I more or less
多かれ少なかれ
the least (skillful)最も(上手)でない sooner or later 遅かれ早かれ
at A's best 最もよい状態で
at best
よくても
the 序数 ○○番目に
at no time VS than today.
<比較級を強調> (x) more (x)very
今日ほど・・・な日はなかった。
ex At notime have I been busier than Iamtoday
<否が疑でつ
②any+=少しでもVerに
much/many/far/still/even/yet/by far/a lot / lots / a good [great] deal.
◎「much more ✓」「manymore回」=ずっと多くの
<最上級を強調>
much/ far/ by far / very/ a good [great] deal
by far Echo best singer is the very best singer △ 「the very図」ぴったりのと注意

ページ27:

rather than "
です?
<thanがtoになるラテン系比較級>
sperior/inferior/senior/junior/preferable
☆同一人物の性質を比べる
比較: more than 最上級:the ナシ
[Ex] He is more shy than unsociable.
☆7712人のうちで比べる時は必ず「The of the two」
☆(x) He is a greater singer than she····
(•) He is as great a singer as she ......
名詞の特性を表わさなければいけない
☆比較の中心概念の語は、as/than以下でくり返し使用してはならない
ex My father is as fond of books as my ancle is, of painting.
☆比較級の注意すべき意味
・more than A①Aより多い②単なるAではない
・Less than A.・・・①Aより少ない②決してAでない
語順 as/so/too/how
(She is @ far better Girl.)
aN
Texas biga bag as
one of the Vest N

ページ28:

☆最上級・比較級の書き換え構文
No other river is as long as Amazon
No other river is (onger than Amazon.
Amazon is the longest river.
Amazon is (onger than any other river.
Nothing is as important as health.
Nothing is more important than health
Health is the most important things.
to Health is more important than anything else.
There is nothing as important as health
There is nothing more important than heath
=
I have ever seen such a beautiful sight as this.
as so beautiful as sight as this.
a more beautiful sight than this
This is the most beautiful sight (that) I have ever seen.

ページ29:

Sok such
BするためにA
so that B can
⑤ is such that
,
図は・・・するほどのものだった
Aして結果B
●語順 ①501形の that....
形aW→回単数!50TEES」「50円 ①」不可! 10 exso many books
※many/much/little/fewならsももOK
② such (a) (73) that・・・・
◎倒置
So is thar...
⇒「such」OK!('SO匹」不可)
Such is that ....
「「SOSV」実際その通りだ
☆「50」で返答①「SOTS」Sもそうだ
as
接続詞
(as such
そのようなものとして
それ自体としては
---
①時②ので ③ように④つれて⑤一方⑥分詞構文の強調 7比較
8 Moras SV 「だけれども」Eex Expensive as butter is,
無冠・動詞(try等) OK. (o)the boy (x)aboy
※ Tass do ex Try as she does
assV「…のような」
~asの代わりに
(0) though
as I know it(x)althou
※関係詞との違いに注意!! □ which I know.
※$とbe動詞が省略されることも、ex Manas different from amino
⑩ as be [do] 「また同様に」ex He studies hard, as does her.
He is smart, as is her.
① ass be「あるがままに」x We see him as he really is.
理由を表す接続詞
①Beause(唯why?の返可/just等える)② since (主節前) ③ for(後) ④ as
「just because」…というだけで
if
It w
「not because.」①~でない。なぜなら~だからだ②~だからといって~でない
※because前カンマ×
① if whether doubtは否定不可
副詞節「もし…するなら」/名詞節「…するかどうか」を導く。
☆ whether if (名)の違い → ask me if や determine if
ifは【It文の真】か【Vの目的語のみ、+ifや文不可.
など
●「ifnet」…①もしそうでないなら②[A, if notB] Bとまではいかないまでも
●「ifany」…① たとえ(物が)あるにしても(fewやlittleを伴う)②もしあれば
◎「ifever」・・・① たとえ事が)あるにしても(seldomやrarelyを伴う)
if anything,
If only,
@if so
①② = ifany ③どちらかといえば ④(文頭で)むしる
①例え~だけでも ②であればなぁ
たとえそうなら
※「even so」 たとえそうだとしても

ページ30:

接
い
主文より前×
副
and/but
yet/so
for/or
徒
副
otherwise/moreover/Then
|However/accordingly
<時に関連する表現>
「……するとすぐに」
that/if
whether
every/each/next
first/last/anytime
→文で位置注意! I had hardly done..
The moment immediately
-Hardly
... When
Scarcely
Before 倒置
The instant
instantly
No sooner.than
The minute
directly
◎ It is not untill sv
that st
「……して初めて…できる」
副っぽい立
It is only after SV that SV
◎ Itis 時間 before sv 「~するまで時間かかる」訳につられてuntil にしない!
It is no long before St「すぐに」
現在時制
● until finally Leventually at last]「ついに」
☆unless と if not.
unless「…でない限り」は「……以外の場合では…しない」が成立せねばならない。
ex (0) Nobody is going to help you unless you ask.
(x) I'll be surprised unless he has an accident.
⇒ I'll be surprised if he doesn't have an accident.
☆horの用法
ex He will not go there, [nor] will I.
否定文+nor()で後も否定に。
Lex] You don't want to go, [nor do I (want to go)
(X)SとDをひっくり返す(C)疑問文の語順にする。
☆not so that.構文できないほど…でない」
It was not so hot that I couldntsleep.
(0) 眠れないほど若くはなかった(x)暑くなかったので眠れなかった
挿入句が入ってもダマされるな! Noore is soold, I suppose, that he cavia learn.
☆andの複雑な構文 △ andはnotと共には使えない!
SS
r
[ex] I'm fond of baseball, Land she of soccer.
A
B
C'
ABC, and A'C型
この幅と気づくための読めずある!
a
of.

ページ31:

☆+tha】不可の例外
intha「という点で/expect that「…を除いて」
略不可注意
構文
○ whether is A or B
・on condition that
[
=
for fear (tha)) should 原
lest (should) 園
in case sv/in case of M
※ will/would/might 併用不可。可能性が低いとshouldが使われる。
Be A or B
「……だとしたら」
}
「……しないように」
「……に備えて」

ページ32:

BELIEVE MY POWER
Q.KPac/Placing】your trust in your ability, and you will get it.
「命令文,and~」「命令,or~」を忘れずに!接するのに分講なわけない!
relatives.
Q. She doesn't have any friends heither/and
「not AorB」AもBもない。は意外と気づきにくいのかも?
Q. Physical tests determine 【tha/whether applicants willbe admind
封可。名詞節。「or hot」が入ってなくても注意。
Q. Every work, whether whichever it is A or Bor Cor anything else,
have a important role, whether 3つ以上可。
Q. There is no certainty if/tag Ithe meeting will be successful.
文脈では不可。
Q. My father broke his promise.【Thew/even/cf my sister was
disappointed, her face didnt show it. けだけでevenoを表す副
Q.【Since/Waen_spring comes, He takes me outdoors.
「……すると」の意、ちょっとめずらしいwhen.文
Q. How sily it is of you to take ataxi 【whow/asyoucanwalk!
How+ It is silly of you 「だけれども」直歩のwhen
Q. I wonder if we are able to see those who are close to us] (as they are / as it is).
thoseをうけるのでas they are.
Q.[au Iwant to knowdis (that/whether Bunny really loves me.
thatだと既に知っていることになり不成立。
Q.空欄をうめろ「昨日やっと彼に会えた」 It was (not until) yesterday Imeet him
○○して初めて○○できる/○○するまで○○できない等日本語から連想しにくいので注意
SS
r
118
2

ページ33:

「残り"を表すいくつれども、残りがなら
残りの1つ the other] 残り全部 the others 残りのうちいくつか[others]
残りのどれか1つ・さらに・他に・・・等another
(x) other (x) anothers
the CO---
修飾ナシ
(単)it.(複) them
反復を避ける代名詞
同物特定の名詞 修飾アリ→(単) that(複those
同種なだけで不特定 [
◎a ○○
-The climinate of Okinawa is more hot than that of Tokyo.
The duties of a police are more hard than these of a teacher.
修飾ナシー(単 one. (複)ones→必ず「tones」
修飾アリ→(単)the one (複 the ones. ※形なら a[che] one
☆前述で「ax」となっていても、反復で特定のものを指すなら
ex She gave me a lovely watch, but I lost it.
☆前述で「The xx」となっていても、「同じ中身」じゃなければ‶one'
ex The new designs are much better than the old ones.
独立所有格
所有格(my your her)は、冠詞や指示語(athe.this that some no・any)と併用不可
⇒指示語++of+所有代で表わす。
ex (x) these his books(0) these books of his
(x) that your attitude
(0) that attitude of yours
☆紛らわしい表現 of所有代 own 「&自身の…」
x The boy has a room of his own
[語法]
もし「a room of his」にすると、持っているいくつかの部屋の中の1つになる。
①目的格代名詞②冠・所有格つき回
①(複)/② (x) (単)
② Csは2つならof略可
①②(ks・(単)・四オールOK) ※対象は3つ以上
①(複)/② Cs ※国ならof略可
所有格所有代」
none of A
my
mine
both of A
①
our
ours
all of A
your
yours
his
his
many of A
Fevery A
xit's her
hers
Levery ore of Al
-each A
①
-each of A
①/②ES
its
×
their theirs)
<⑨をとる>neither
each/every/any [
each every.avy
dither
neither every/each
※none=戦複いtok
some A
some of A
(副
(単)(x)代 ※対象は3つ以上
8円 (x)回(半)
Almost all A=Most As
LAlmost all of A Most oftw①②
any, A. (the) 全OK
Few a lot of) () () (
「~の大部分」
! much of
は、代やthe~で
なくてもよい
x. of T

ページ34:

再帰代名詞
①と口が同じ時②"自分"を強調③前置詞と共に使う
◎抽象名詞+ itself veryの意味 [ex She is kindness itself. (= very kindnes)
by) oneself.
(for) oneself.
"in itself,
一人で
独で
自分のために
それ自体
to oneself...自分だけに
「...ごとに」
every 基数単位s
every 序数 単位
慣用表現
(beside) oneself ((with)A)(Aで)我を忘れる
(between ourselves...ここだけの話
(in spite of) oneself...思わず
be ((eft by oneself...ひとりにされる
(hare/keep) A (to) oneself…独り占め・秘密に
every two years
every second year=every other day
<it>
[
either will do
anything will do
[
27
どちらでもよい
32
S consider it to do
doするのは形だと考える
nothing other than A Only A
none
other than A! Just A
depend on it that!あてにする
some, others (some)~もあれば~もある take it that
(with) each other
互い
→副詞でなく代名詞「one another」同意
<another>
have it that
だと思う
と言う
see (to it) that気をつける
another 数 months あと残り00
•Some mer other ignition (in)another #4 weeks. the 00172
・one (Cor another
different from one A to another
1Aによって違う
A is one thing; Bis (quiet) another; A&B (184777="
another A
(今あるのに対りさらにA
one A after another
1次々に
<something>
[
something of a W ちょっとした
somebody 大物/nobody 取るに足らない
There is something. 形 about A
There is something wrong the matter with A
→Something is wrong [the matter ] with A
There is nothing like [letter than] A
Shave something [nothing]to do with A
<those >
Aには形なところがある
Aは調子が悪い
Aほどよいものはない
Aと関係がある
those present 出席者/ those concerned linvolved 関係者/those chosen、選ばれ者
'SS
r
of

ページ35:

☆thingを修飾する語は必ず後置 x something cold
☆ that節の代用
think/believe/expect/guess/suppose/hope/be afraid
I think so. I don't think so. 2 I think not. <
不可×

ページ36:

ZANGE TOWN
Q. How much gasoline is left in the tank? "" [Nothing/Move, I'm afraid."
Noneは「No4名」の役を果たすから"nogasoline"になる.Nothingだとgasoline以外もないことに
I've had bad experience buying goods by mail order want (1-3(0
and I don't want another/any longer). Any longer (IBU. 1.
Q. Green tea and Black one are made of the same kind of leaves.
teaは図だからone不可、くりかえしになるがteaに戻す。
Q.The street was lined with spectators on Keither/both/opposite side.
both tas sides opposite is the opposite side
Q. The quality of school facilities) in Japan is at the same level
Las (than/as one in British schools. [that] of 00 212885)
Q. Don't you think this/the/it that best to say nothing to him?
itは形式。形式+形+真(to do)
Q. Unlike another/other] schools, our school has a board,
anothert
other H
program.
Q. If I am a fool, you are another/other/ones).
「私がバカなら、お前もそうだ」前述した以外で「同質のもう1つ(1人)のもの」はanother
Q. I haven't read Lany/beth/none] of his novels, but judging from
the one I have read, I like him. any III both (IBS) So not - nove ToTo
Q. A What are you eating? [] Soup. Want (Soup/some/it] ?
someで「いくらか」「多少」。itは「それ」であり距離感もおかしい・・・
Q. The company stops because the reserchers uncovered (some/any)
否定扱いにならずproblems.
re
a
SC

ページ37:

ま
<日付・時間関連>
☆名詞で修飾する
E... (on)
年・月…(in)2010(in) August
2nd
(with)+=副詞
with case
(on) Monday
[(of) + (N = 1855) Lex] (be) of value
・月十日…(on) Auguest 2
※ be of no value = not valuable
日付+時間帯... (on)the morning,
of May1.
(at) night [midnight」
時間帯(in) the morning [afternoon] 事故が原因で死ぬ…die (of) acciden
本から学ぶ…… learn (through books
ある○○な・時間…
(on) a cold day
音楽に合わせて……() the music
空を背景にして…(against asky
白い服を身につける
(in) white
○○ごろに…(toward noon
3month
~の間「for man that,
(during) the
this.my
1時間以内に…(withn) an hour.
あと1時間経つと(in)an hour.
an hour.
1時間ずっと・・・(through
1時間単位に…(by) The
hour.
【金を(身につけて)持つ… fake money (with)m
トリンゴを$10で買う… buy apple (for) $20
リンゴを12$2で買う.. buy apple (at) f2each
賛成する…be (for) 'A
{
・反対する... be (@gains A
冬にしては暖かい…warm (for) the winten
★ここ1時間…(for) the last hour. ☆年のわりに・・・(for) A'sage
・時間通りに…(on) time
間に合って…
(in) time ((for)A)
{✓すると同時に・・・
(on) Ving
(in) Ving
~しながら…(over.) tea.
正しい方向に行く….golin)theright directio
横断して (across) the street
・通り抜けて…(hmugh) the street
通訳を通す... (thragh) an interpreter
材料でできている…made (of) brick
原料でできている…made from) oil
☆5年ぶりに… for the first time (in)5years. 扉にもたれかかって····lean (agaist) the door
久しぶりに… for the first timelinalorgtime 哲学の権威anauthority (on) philosoph
※aboutに近いが、学問的だとコッチ
(on) the river
☆ご5年で最も・・・○○est (in) 5years.
<手段>
通信 [
交通
(on) the phone
(by) phone
(by) car
radio
(in) the car [taxi]
[川のほとりで
・川に(泳ぎに)行く…go (in)the river
驚いたことに…((olour surprise (感情)
(beyond)
私の手に負えない{
(on) bus train 公共機関
国境をこえて
物質…(in) ink
道具···(with) a pen [a low voice]
① まぎらわしい表現
(by) a minute...
1分差で
少しの間
(for a minute...
(in), a minute…すぐに
(above)
me
・(beyond) border
地平線の彼方に…(beyond) the horizon
驚くべき割合で・・・(at)asurprising race
◎に反対して・・・(against)
Loとは逆に… contrary (to)♥♥
(0人増える…rise(by)10
わずかの差で勝つ…… min(by)anose
自然災害に備える...(againstnatural disens
= (in) no time

ページ38:

デパートへ買い物に行く
-go shopping (at) the department
◎ of+Nで形容詞の代表例
of help helpful
use = useful of no use
of value-valuable / of no value
of importance = important
of significance significant
of worth worthry
of consequence = consequential
go Ving P
(a) in
at
on
(x) to
res
al
for
50
to

ページ39:

アクセント位置のルール
①その音節にアクセント組
a
例外…coffee/commitee
cuckoo/honeymoon
ee/eer/co/con
dogy/esque/ese/ever/self
(ental/ential/ade/ain/arlox)
②-1音節にアクセント組
sion Aion/sive/ity/ety/ic/ical/ics) 例外.. Télevision/centimeter
(ctive/eous/ious/graphy/macer/metry/pathy ③tian)
☆ics組で「2」になるもの…lunatic/arithmetic/politics/Arabic/Catholic théto
③-2音節にアクセント組
ate (3音節以上の語のみ!)/ fy/++tive/graph
☆アクセント位置を変えない接頭・尾辞
ex elevator
elevate 2音節前 もとの語を考える。
頭in/im/ir/il/un/mis
尾 ful/less/ness/ment/ly/er/or/ist/ive

ページ40:

名詞
【多義語】
mean....
"a means" ok!
"l
四意味する囮卑しい/「themeawA」Aの平均①手段(単複同形)②財産(祝)
subject...従わせる従っている四科目・主題・主語・原因・臣民
Company・会社・仲間・同伴・来客・交際
【⑨と水がまぎらわしいもの
[
10 years
a10-year-old boy
(0
a boy of 10 years
a boy 10 years old
f10 days' journey
a 10-day journey
@ population+内容(数字など)
the population+地名
Q. I've broken my new glasses and I cant find my
・old Kone/pain.